GLIA: LISTENING AND TALKING TO THE SYNAPSE
... neighbouring cells and give rise to an intercellular wave of Ca2+ (REFS 33–36). In support of this possibility, C6 glioma cells, which express few gap junctions, do not show Ca2+ waves unless connexins are artificially expressed34. Ins(1,4,5)P3 is likely to diffuse between astrocytes, as indicated b ...
... neighbouring cells and give rise to an intercellular wave of Ca2+ (REFS 33–36). In support of this possibility, C6 glioma cells, which express few gap junctions, do not show Ca2+ waves unless connexins are artificially expressed34. Ins(1,4,5)P3 is likely to diffuse between astrocytes, as indicated b ...
Stress, serotonin, and hippocampal neurogenesis
... 5-HT neurons and represents a major source of 5-HT projections in the central nervous system, including the spinal cord (Dahlstroem and Fuxe, 1964; Descarries et al., 1982). Virtually all corticolimbic structures that are involved in mood regulation and the stress response, and which express recepto ...
... 5-HT neurons and represents a major source of 5-HT projections in the central nervous system, including the spinal cord (Dahlstroem and Fuxe, 1964; Descarries et al., 1982). Virtually all corticolimbic structures that are involved in mood regulation and the stress response, and which express recepto ...
Chapter 7 Body Systems
... Neurotransmitters—means by which neurons communicate with one another; there are more than 30 compounds known to be neurotransmitters, and dozens of others are suspected ...
... Neurotransmitters—means by which neurons communicate with one another; there are more than 30 compounds known to be neurotransmitters, and dozens of others are suspected ...
Production and Survival of Projection Neurons in a Forebrain Vocal
... HVC neurons. In some animals, fluorogold injections missed RA on one side of the brain. When this occurred, values from the remaining hemisphere were used. In cases where fluorogold injections were on target in both hemispheres, values for left and right HVC were averaged together. We found no evide ...
... HVC neurons. In some animals, fluorogold injections missed RA on one side of the brain. When this occurred, values from the remaining hemisphere were used. In cases where fluorogold injections were on target in both hemispheres, values for left and right HVC were averaged together. We found no evide ...
Basal ganglia contributions to motor control: a - Research
... First, movement-related changes in firing in GPi are almost always influenced by specific characteristics of a movement such as its direction, amplitude, and speed (i.e. movement kinematics) ([36], and references therein). However, motor activity in GPi neurons is also often influenced by the contex ...
... First, movement-related changes in firing in GPi are almost always influenced by specific characteristics of a movement such as its direction, amplitude, and speed (i.e. movement kinematics) ([36], and references therein). However, motor activity in GPi neurons is also often influenced by the contex ...
The effect of fasting on the ultrastructure of the hypothalamic arcuate
... the formation of membranous whorls was dependent on the oestrous cycle being most intense during the diestrus. According to the authors, high plasma levels of oestrogen may activate the arcuate neurons, and thus the formation of whorls. These structures were also observed in the arcuate neurons of m ...
... the formation of membranous whorls was dependent on the oestrous cycle being most intense during the diestrus. According to the authors, high plasma levels of oestrogen may activate the arcuate neurons, and thus the formation of whorls. These structures were also observed in the arcuate neurons of m ...
Unique features of the human brainstem and cerebellum
... We suggest that uniquely human motor and cognitive abilities derive from changes at all levels of the central nervous system, including the cerebellum and brainstem, and not just the cerebral cortex. Keywords: medulla, dentate nucleus, vestibular nuclei, nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein, cere ...
... We suggest that uniquely human motor and cognitive abilities derive from changes at all levels of the central nervous system, including the cerebellum and brainstem, and not just the cerebral cortex. Keywords: medulla, dentate nucleus, vestibular nuclei, nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein, cere ...
Direct Inhibition Evoked by Whisker Stimulation in Somatic Sensory
... barrel field cortex of the awake rat. J Neurophysiol 84: 1497–1504, 2000. Whisker deflection typically evokes a transient volley of action potentials in rat somatic sensory (SI) barrel cortex. Postexcitatory inhibition is thought to quickly terminate the cortical cell response to whisker deflection. ...
... barrel field cortex of the awake rat. J Neurophysiol 84: 1497–1504, 2000. Whisker deflection typically evokes a transient volley of action potentials in rat somatic sensory (SI) barrel cortex. Postexcitatory inhibition is thought to quickly terminate the cortical cell response to whisker deflection. ...
The integrity of a cholesterol-binding pocket in Niemann–Pick C2
... three other regions of the NPC2 protein emerged as important, including one required for efficient secretion. point mutants 兩 secretion 兩 protein evolution ...
... three other regions of the NPC2 protein emerged as important, including one required for efficient secretion. point mutants 兩 secretion 兩 protein evolution ...
Blepharospasm
... These two conditions may coexist. It is important to determine the contribution of apraxia of lid opening because this condition does not respond well to botulinum toxin injections. [3] Primary, essential, or idiopathic blepharospasm, often called benign essential blepharospasm (BEB), is not associa ...
... These two conditions may coexist. It is important to determine the contribution of apraxia of lid opening because this condition does not respond well to botulinum toxin injections. [3] Primary, essential, or idiopathic blepharospasm, often called benign essential blepharospasm (BEB), is not associa ...
EUGENE GARFIELD
... a subcomponent of the discipline and to set priorities for what is important and what is not. The reviewer needs to outline the directions that are likely to be most productive for the next round of research-directions that are both interesting and doable— and to explain these directions clearly to ...
... a subcomponent of the discipline and to set priorities for what is important and what is not. The reviewer needs to outline the directions that are likely to be most productive for the next round of research-directions that are both interesting and doable— and to explain these directions clearly to ...
Modelling fast stimulus-response association learning along the
... Fast SR learning is traditionally presented as an associative learning process following the Hebbian principle “what fires together, wires together”. For instance, if a neuron activated by the stimulus has weak connections with several neurons that can drive different responses, the activation of a ...
... Fast SR learning is traditionally presented as an associative learning process following the Hebbian principle “what fires together, wires together”. For instance, if a neuron activated by the stimulus has weak connections with several neurons that can drive different responses, the activation of a ...
Dynamics of Protein Metabolism in the Ruminant
... Protein that escapes microbial degradation passes to the lower digestive tract where it will be largely degraded. Only the very refractive N component such as N bound to lignin or products of the Maillard reaction will not be degraded. Benefit to the animal of supplying UIP will depend on the provis ...
... Protein that escapes microbial degradation passes to the lower digestive tract where it will be largely degraded. Only the very refractive N component such as N bound to lignin or products of the Maillard reaction will not be degraded. Benefit to the animal of supplying UIP will depend on the provis ...
Methods to Make Homogenous Antibody Drug Conjugates
... In Vitro nnAA Incorporation. The approach of nnAA incorporation into antibodies has also been extended to in vitro transcription-translation platforms, although titers and scalability limitations were once a concern for cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems. However, Zawada et al. (27) engineer ...
... In Vitro nnAA Incorporation. The approach of nnAA incorporation into antibodies has also been extended to in vitro transcription-translation platforms, although titers and scalability limitations were once a concern for cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems. However, Zawada et al. (27) engineer ...
Frontal Eye Fields - Psychological Sciences
... that generate saccades. Physiological recordings indicate that these neurons, in concert with a network including the superior colliculus, produce signals necessary to produce saccadic eye movements. Saccades are initiated when the activity of movement-related neurons reaches a threshold (Fig. 2). V ...
... that generate saccades. Physiological recordings indicate that these neurons, in concert with a network including the superior colliculus, produce signals necessary to produce saccadic eye movements. Saccades are initiated when the activity of movement-related neurons reaches a threshold (Fig. 2). V ...
Report - Ben Hayden
... of a single neuron on trials in which the monkey chose the risky option and received a large reward (dark gray line) or the small reward (black line). Responses are aligned to reward offset (time = 0). After the reward, neuronal activity on small reward (and safe) trials was greater than on large re ...
... of a single neuron on trials in which the monkey chose the risky option and received a large reward (dark gray line) or the small reward (black line). Responses are aligned to reward offset (time = 0). After the reward, neuronal activity on small reward (and safe) trials was greater than on large re ...
PDF
... the GCD arise from neurons of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Itoh et al., 1987), the cuneate nucleus (Weinberg and Rustioni, 1987; Wright and Ryugo, 1996), and the vestibular nuclei (Burian and Goesttner, 1988). Granule cells influence the output of the DCN by way of parallel fibers contacting the a ...
... the GCD arise from neurons of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Itoh et al., 1987), the cuneate nucleus (Weinberg and Rustioni, 1987; Wright and Ryugo, 1996), and the vestibular nuclei (Burian and Goesttner, 1988). Granule cells influence the output of the DCN by way of parallel fibers contacting the a ...
HIV Drug Resistance Training
... development (esp. in vitro) may not be the most relevant mutations in clinical settings. Mutations that are sufficient to cause drug resistance may not be necessary to effect drug resistance. There may be cross-resistance due to mutations selected by related drugs. ...
... development (esp. in vitro) may not be the most relevant mutations in clinical settings. Mutations that are sufficient to cause drug resistance may not be necessary to effect drug resistance. There may be cross-resistance due to mutations selected by related drugs. ...
PROJECTIONS OF THE AMYGDALOID BODY TO THE INSULAR
... nucleus of the amygdala. Its ventral part projects mainly to the agranular insular cortex, whereas the dorsal part - to the anterior part of the granular insular cortex. Numerous amygdalo-insular connections arising from the lateral nucleus were also found in the dog by K o m a l (4). According to K ...
... nucleus of the amygdala. Its ventral part projects mainly to the agranular insular cortex, whereas the dorsal part - to the anterior part of the granular insular cortex. Numerous amygdalo-insular connections arising from the lateral nucleus were also found in the dog by K o m a l (4). According to K ...
Branching Thalamic Afferents Link Action and Perception
... visual areas 17 and 18 of the cat, each corticothalamic axon with terminals in the pulvinar also sends a branch to the midbrain. Further, no axons go to the midbrain without first sending a branch to the pulvinar (Guillery et al. 2001). Details of branching patterns of corticothalamic projections fo ...
... visual areas 17 and 18 of the cat, each corticothalamic axon with terminals in the pulvinar also sends a branch to the midbrain. Further, no axons go to the midbrain without first sending a branch to the pulvinar (Guillery et al. 2001). Details of branching patterns of corticothalamic projections fo ...
Functional characterization of the synaptic
... tumor or an infection in the adult brain and span throughout life. Although the underlying etiology of the various disorders might be different, all of them lead to similar brain dysfunctions (defects of the sensory and motor system) and to comparable cognitive deficits in learning and memory. Epile ...
... tumor or an infection in the adult brain and span throughout life. Although the underlying etiology of the various disorders might be different, all of them lead to similar brain dysfunctions (defects of the sensory and motor system) and to comparable cognitive deficits in learning and memory. Epile ...
16-2 The Sympathetic Division
... 16-1 Divisions of the ANS • Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Division 1. Most often, these two divisions have opposing effects (antagonist) • If the sympathetic division causes excitation, the parasympathetic causes inhibition ...
... 16-1 Divisions of the ANS • Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Division 1. Most often, these two divisions have opposing effects (antagonist) • If the sympathetic division causes excitation, the parasympathetic causes inhibition ...
Evidence for parasympathetic innervation of white adipose tissue
... known to lose much of their staining signal for these markers, the use of liver tissue as positive control for the same markers would have strengthened the point in the Giordano et al. (4) study that they are able to demonstrate parasympathetic markers. For their second point, the use of 6OHDA for c ...
... known to lose much of their staining signal for these markers, the use of liver tissue as positive control for the same markers would have strengthened the point in the Giordano et al. (4) study that they are able to demonstrate parasympathetic markers. For their second point, the use of 6OHDA for c ...
Nervous System Part 4
... activites – Conserves energy – Maintains daily necessary body functions – Remember as the “D” division • digestion, defecation, and diuresis ...
... activites – Conserves energy – Maintains daily necessary body functions – Remember as the “D” division • digestion, defecation, and diuresis ...
Clinical neurochemistry
Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans. While neurochemistry is mostly associated with the effects of neurotransmitters and similarly-functioning chemicals on neurons themselves, clinical neurochemistry relates these phenomena to system-wide symptoms. Clinical neurochemistry is related to neurogenesis, neuromodulation, neuroplasticity, neuroendocrinology, and neuroimmunology in the context of associating neurological findings at both lower and higher level organismal functions.