Specialized Elements of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Primates
... A different approach to architecture is to group areas by cortical type.2,8,20 The methods of parcellating by architecture and by type share some features but also have key differences. Architectonic areas are mapped on the basis of local features, such as the shape or size of neurons in different l ...
... A different approach to architecture is to group areas by cortical type.2,8,20 The methods of parcellating by architecture and by type share some features but also have key differences. Architectonic areas are mapped on the basis of local features, such as the shape or size of neurons in different l ...
Pallidal Discharge Related to the Kinematics of Reaching
... Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Rehabilitation Medicine, and Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 Turner, Robert S. and Marjorie E. Anderson. Pallidal discharge related to the kinematics of reaching movements in two dimensions. J. Neurophysi ...
... Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Rehabilitation Medicine, and Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 Turner, Robert S. and Marjorie E. Anderson. Pallidal discharge related to the kinematics of reaching movements in two dimensions. J. Neurophysi ...
Memory Maintenance in Synapses with Calcium
... due to the lower extracellular calcium concentration in vivo on the time scale of synaptic decay has not been considered heretofore. In the present paper, we study the persistence of synaptic changes, first in a synapse connecting a pair of independent Poisson neurons, and second in a large network ...
... due to the lower extracellular calcium concentration in vivo on the time scale of synaptic decay has not been considered heretofore. In the present paper, we study the persistence of synaptic changes, first in a synapse connecting a pair of independent Poisson neurons, and second in a large network ...
Regulation of Cytochrome bd Expression in Mycobacterium
... (hypoxia) seem to be conditions that are likely to prevail in vivo and that initiate a shifting towards a NRP state (153). Tubercle bacilli reside inside granulomas of the human host and those appear to build a hypoxic environment for the bacteria (130). This seems to be inconsistent with the classi ...
... (hypoxia) seem to be conditions that are likely to prevail in vivo and that initiate a shifting towards a NRP state (153). Tubercle bacilli reside inside granulomas of the human host and those appear to build a hypoxic environment for the bacteria (130). This seems to be inconsistent with the classi ...
amygdala projections to central amygdaloid nucleus subdivisions
... out to locate internal structures such as the anterior commissure, boundaries of the striatum and globus pallidus, and the amygdala. After stereotaxic coordinates for the boundaries of these structures were located, the location of the CeM, CeLcn and IPAC was estimated. Small deposits of retrograde ...
... out to locate internal structures such as the anterior commissure, boundaries of the striatum and globus pallidus, and the amygdala. After stereotaxic coordinates for the boundaries of these structures were located, the location of the CeM, CeLcn and IPAC was estimated. Small deposits of retrograde ...
Neural correlates of stimulus–response and response–outcome
... and movements should be represented in dorsomedial but not dorsolateral striatum, whereas associations between cues and responses, independent of reward value, should be represented in neural activity in dorsolateral but not dorsomedial striatum. Additionally, neural activity in dorsomedial striatum ...
... and movements should be represented in dorsomedial but not dorsolateral striatum, whereas associations between cues and responses, independent of reward value, should be represented in neural activity in dorsolateral but not dorsomedial striatum. Additionally, neural activity in dorsomedial striatum ...
K. Lutz, M. Widmer
... striatal and midbrain areas involved during reward processing are more extensive than previously thought, including the entire ventral striatum and the dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra, respectively. Thereby, the orbital frontal cortex (dark orange arrow) and the anterior cingulate cortex (l ...
... striatal and midbrain areas involved during reward processing are more extensive than previously thought, including the entire ventral striatum and the dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra, respectively. Thereby, the orbital frontal cortex (dark orange arrow) and the anterior cingulate cortex (l ...
Loss of MECP2 leads to telomere dysfunction and
... In comparing multiple lines of cells, it is clear from our data that loss of MECP2 leads to ...
... In comparing multiple lines of cells, it is clear from our data that loss of MECP2 leads to ...
Seventeen
... are lost by wear and tear rather than because of an innately short life span, In the hurrran nose, ...
... are lost by wear and tear rather than because of an innately short life span, In the hurrran nose, ...
Learned Movements Elicited by Direct Stimulation of Cerebellar
... antidromic activation of mossy fibers, we blocked the mossy fiber transmission ventral to the stimulation electrode in two animals. If the CS information is transmitted via the mossy fibers, this should abolish responses to the forelimb CS but leave responses to MCP stimulation unaffected. A micropi ...
... antidromic activation of mossy fibers, we blocked the mossy fiber transmission ventral to the stimulation electrode in two animals. If the CS information is transmitted via the mossy fibers, this should abolish responses to the forelimb CS but leave responses to MCP stimulation unaffected. A micropi ...
Same Spinal Interneurons Mediate Reflex Actions of Group Ib and
... 1989) show that these actions involve both excitatory and inhibitory premotor neurons and initiation of different forms of locomotion from different parts of the brain stem both in the cat (Mori et al. 1989) and in the lamprey (Deliagina et al. 2002) links RS neurons with spinal networks responsible ...
... 1989) show that these actions involve both excitatory and inhibitory premotor neurons and initiation of different forms of locomotion from different parts of the brain stem both in the cat (Mori et al. 1989) and in the lamprey (Deliagina et al. 2002) links RS neurons with spinal networks responsible ...
9 The AMP-activated protein kinase: more than an energy sensor
... Several substances and drugs are known to activate AMPK. AICA (5amino-4-imidazole-carboxamide) riboside is an analogue of adenosine that can be phosphorylated in certain cells to ZMP, which mimics several effects of AMP. Thus AICA riboside has been extensively used in cells or even in vivo to activa ...
... Several substances and drugs are known to activate AMPK. AICA (5amino-4-imidazole-carboxamide) riboside is an analogue of adenosine that can be phosphorylated in certain cells to ZMP, which mimics several effects of AMP. Thus AICA riboside has been extensively used in cells or even in vivo to activa ...
Maxillary palp glomeruli and ipsilateral projections in the antennal
... ipsilateral input, with the fibres terminating in the ipsilateral AL only. Thus the antennal lobe of Drosophila has a glomerular organization which is apportioned into antennal, maxillary, saccular and ipsilateral glomeruli. Previous studies reported that sensory projection from the maxillary palp i ...
... ipsilateral input, with the fibres terminating in the ipsilateral AL only. Thus the antennal lobe of Drosophila has a glomerular organization which is apportioned into antennal, maxillary, saccular and ipsilateral glomeruli. Previous studies reported that sensory projection from the maxillary palp i ...
Zebrafish foxd3 is selectively required for neural crest specification
... these genes direct the subsequent specification of neural crest sublineages remains unclear. Foxd3 has been proposed to play an important role in the early stages of neural crest development because it is widely expressed by neural crest progenitors at the neural plate border in all vertebrate speci ...
... these genes direct the subsequent specification of neural crest sublineages remains unclear. Foxd3 has been proposed to play an important role in the early stages of neural crest development because it is widely expressed by neural crest progenitors at the neural plate border in all vertebrate speci ...
Projections of the amygdala to the thalamus in the cynomolgus
... found throughout the medial basal nucleus (Fig. 4).though there was a tendency for them to be concentrated in its medial half. The lateral basal nucleus contained the second highest number of HRP-positive cells in these three monkeys, though there were considerably fewer than in the medial basal nuc ...
... found throughout the medial basal nucleus (Fig. 4).though there was a tendency for them to be concentrated in its medial half. The lateral basal nucleus contained the second highest number of HRP-positive cells in these three monkeys, though there were considerably fewer than in the medial basal nuc ...
Comprehensive Review of Golgi Staining Methods for Nervous Tissue
... thoroughly probe the fine morphology of neurons, including the soma, axon, dendrites, and dendritic spines. In the last 40 years, immunostaining techniques at the molecular level have been extensively used for research on nervous tissues. However, Golgi staining has some advantages that cannot be ac ...
... thoroughly probe the fine morphology of neurons, including the soma, axon, dendrites, and dendritic spines. In the last 40 years, immunostaining techniques at the molecular level have been extensively used for research on nervous tissues. However, Golgi staining has some advantages that cannot be ac ...
Effort and Valuation in the Brain
... very different expectations (80% probability of winning vs 80% probability of avoiding losing) of different outcome valences. Equally, two different actions (low and high effort) would have the same (large) positive state values in the win condition and same (small) negative state values in the avoi ...
... very different expectations (80% probability of winning vs 80% probability of avoiding losing) of different outcome valences. Equally, two different actions (low and high effort) would have the same (large) positive state values in the win condition and same (small) negative state values in the avoi ...
Olfactory Learning in Drosophila: Learning from Models
... parameters of the learning paradigm affects the behavioral outcome in different ways. The relative timing between CS and US affects the hedonic value of the CS. Reversing the order changes the behavioral response from conditioned avoidance to conditioned approach. We propose a timing-dependent bioch ...
... parameters of the learning paradigm affects the behavioral outcome in different ways. The relative timing between CS and US affects the hedonic value of the CS. Reversing the order changes the behavioral response from conditioned avoidance to conditioned approach. We propose a timing-dependent bioch ...
Full Text
... and SOD1G93A (red) shared similar CD spectra, which closely resembled spectra of proteins containing b-sheet conformation. The CD spectra of GFPSOD1G93A (green), although slightly different from spectra of non-tagged SOD1 proteins, also resembled spectra of proteins containing a b-sheet conformation ...
... and SOD1G93A (red) shared similar CD spectra, which closely resembled spectra of proteins containing b-sheet conformation. The CD spectra of GFPSOD1G93A (green), although slightly different from spectra of non-tagged SOD1 proteins, also resembled spectra of proteins containing a b-sheet conformation ...
PDF - School of Chemical Sciences
... FDH) and low catalytic activity (FDH) [11,12]. Due to this lack of an efficient system, NADPH regeneration has not been applied in large-scale syntheses. The cofactors NAD and NADP are ubiquitous and differ only by the 2¢-phosphate group that is attached to the adenine ribose in NADP. Nature has expl ...
... FDH) and low catalytic activity (FDH) [11,12]. Due to this lack of an efficient system, NADPH regeneration has not been applied in large-scale syntheses. The cofactors NAD and NADP are ubiquitous and differ only by the 2¢-phosphate group that is attached to the adenine ribose in NADP. Nature has expl ...
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... strategy approach to maximize reward and minimize costs; otherwise, competitive opponents can exploit predictable choice patterns. This thesis tested the hypothesis that the frontal eye field (FEF) are involved ...
... strategy approach to maximize reward and minimize costs; otherwise, competitive opponents can exploit predictable choice patterns. This thesis tested the hypothesis that the frontal eye field (FEF) are involved ...
1 OSCILLATORY ENTRAINMENT OF THALAMIC NEURONS BY
... spindle periods. We found that theta and spindle oscillations differ in their spatial distribution ...
... spindle periods. We found that theta and spindle oscillations differ in their spatial distribution ...
Neural Coding of Distinct Statistical Properties of
... computation and provide important new insights into human reward information processing. Another critical question is whether post-synaptic targets of midbrain neurons respond differentially to the phasic error prediction signal and the sustained reward uncertainty signal. If activity patterns in th ...
... computation and provide important new insights into human reward information processing. Another critical question is whether post-synaptic targets of midbrain neurons respond differentially to the phasic error prediction signal and the sustained reward uncertainty signal. If activity patterns in th ...
Modulation of premotor circuits controlling locomotor activity by
... Thank you PLuc for always being the wise one and for our many discussions. Thank you Jeff for bringing this unique Californian vibe to the lab. Thank you Sophie-la-sagesse for being our best lab and facility manager ever. Thank you Johanna for being the most dedicated lab engineer I have ever met. T ...
... Thank you PLuc for always being the wise one and for our many discussions. Thank you Jeff for bringing this unique Californian vibe to the lab. Thank you Sophie-la-sagesse for being our best lab and facility manager ever. Thank you Johanna for being the most dedicated lab engineer I have ever met. T ...
From movement to thought: Anatomic substrates of the cerebellar
... Now how are we going to explain that fact?” he wondered. ”One cannot help but feel that these intricate relay systems exert very subtle influences which, when withdrawn, produce no very obvious disturbances. But, if more critical studies were made, it perhaps might be easy, in some instances at leas ...
... Now how are we going to explain that fact?” he wondered. ”One cannot help but feel that these intricate relay systems exert very subtle influences which, when withdrawn, produce no very obvious disturbances. But, if more critical studies were made, it perhaps might be easy, in some instances at leas ...
Clinical neurochemistry
Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans. While neurochemistry is mostly associated with the effects of neurotransmitters and similarly-functioning chemicals on neurons themselves, clinical neurochemistry relates these phenomena to system-wide symptoms. Clinical neurochemistry is related to neurogenesis, neuromodulation, neuroplasticity, neuroendocrinology, and neuroimmunology in the context of associating neurological findings at both lower and higher level organismal functions.