The Relation between Dendritic Geometry
... Reconstruction of Neuronal Morphologies Subsequently, neurons were reconstructed with the aid of Neurolucida software (MicroBright-Field, Colchester, VT) using an Olympus Optical (Hamburg, Germany) BX50 microscope at a final magnification of 10003 (using a 1003, 1.25 NA objective). The reconstructions ...
... Reconstruction of Neuronal Morphologies Subsequently, neurons were reconstructed with the aid of Neurolucida software (MicroBright-Field, Colchester, VT) using an Olympus Optical (Hamburg, Germany) BX50 microscope at a final magnification of 10003 (using a 1003, 1.25 NA objective). The reconstructions ...
Measurement of Corpus Callosum in Sudanese Population Using MRI
... Wernicke's area lies in the left temporal lobe (Fig 3). Damage to this area causes Wernicke's aphasia. The individual may speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create new words. They can make speech sounds, however they have difficulty understanding speech an ...
... Wernicke's area lies in the left temporal lobe (Fig 3). Damage to this area causes Wernicke's aphasia. The individual may speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create new words. They can make speech sounds, however they have difficulty understanding speech an ...
Applications of TMS to Therapy in Psychiatry
... that is set relative to the threshold for eliciting a motor evoked potential (or in some centers, a visible twitch) in a distal hand muscle. Although setting intensity relative to this measurable peripheral effect may be appropriate for motor stimulation, its relevance to thresholds for stimulation ...
... that is set relative to the threshold for eliciting a motor evoked potential (or in some centers, a visible twitch) in a distal hand muscle. Although setting intensity relative to this measurable peripheral effect may be appropriate for motor stimulation, its relevance to thresholds for stimulation ...
Isoenzymes in Clinical Diagnosis
... hybrids can occur. Thus, the five common isoenzymes of LDH are the products of only two different genes, producing two kinds of subunits, which can combine in five different ways to produce intact tetrameric enzyme molecules.23 28 This is illustrated diagrammatically in figure 3. The gene for heart- ...
... hybrids can occur. Thus, the five common isoenzymes of LDH are the products of only two different genes, producing two kinds of subunits, which can combine in five different ways to produce intact tetrameric enzyme molecules.23 28 This is illustrated diagrammatically in figure 3. The gene for heart- ...
Unraveling the Genetics of Distal Hereditary Motor Neuronopathies
... reflexes, and mild-to-moderate sensory impairment including pain weakness of the lower limbs. Two patients had weakness and atrophy in both distal and proximal muscles of the lower limbs (Tang et al., 2004). The CMT2L locus overlaps with the distal HMN-II interval indicating that both disorders migh ...
... reflexes, and mild-to-moderate sensory impairment including pain weakness of the lower limbs. Two patients had weakness and atrophy in both distal and proximal muscles of the lower limbs (Tang et al., 2004). The CMT2L locus overlaps with the distal HMN-II interval indicating that both disorders migh ...
Structure of a Pheromone Receptor-Associated MHC Molecule with
... not bind small molecule ligands, have collapsed grooves with a smaller separation between the a1–a2 domain helices [32–34]. A superposition of the a1–a2 platforms of M10.5, H-2Dd, FcRn, and HFE illustrates the variation in groove size (Figure 1C) and demonstrates that M10.5 has an open groove more s ...
... not bind small molecule ligands, have collapsed grooves with a smaller separation between the a1–a2 domain helices [32–34]. A superposition of the a1–a2 platforms of M10.5, H-2Dd, FcRn, and HFE illustrates the variation in groove size (Figure 1C) and demonstrates that M10.5 has an open groove more s ...
The time of course of BDNF levels in brain and plasma after cerebral
... where it is stored and released from neurons in a use-dependent fashion and has been implicated in long term potentiation, learning and memory formation (Greenberg et al., 2009; Nagappan and Lu, 2005). BDNF also represents a crucial signalling molecule in adaptative brain plasticity after stroke (Co ...
... where it is stored and released from neurons in a use-dependent fashion and has been implicated in long term potentiation, learning and memory formation (Greenberg et al., 2009; Nagappan and Lu, 2005). BDNF also represents a crucial signalling molecule in adaptative brain plasticity after stroke (Co ...
Taste, olfactory, and food reward value processing
... eating, and it is therefore important to understand the brain mechanisms involved in food reward, in order to understand the control of appetite and food intake. When the behavior is goaldirected, brain regions such as the cingulate cortex are likely to be engaged (see Fig. 1). However, it is a usef ...
... eating, and it is therefore important to understand the brain mechanisms involved in food reward, in order to understand the control of appetite and food intake. When the behavior is goaldirected, brain regions such as the cingulate cortex are likely to be engaged (see Fig. 1). However, it is a usef ...
Modality-Based Organization of Ascending Somatosensory Axons in
... 90.8% of mouse RA mechanosensory afferents (red trace) were included in the “small” category. With a threshold of 3.08 m 2, 99% of mouse proprioceptors were included in the “large” category, whereas 81.1% of mouse RA mechanosensory afferents were included in the “small” category. Because the axon s ...
... 90.8% of mouse RA mechanosensory afferents (red trace) were included in the “small” category. With a threshold of 3.08 m 2, 99% of mouse proprioceptors were included in the “large” category, whereas 81.1% of mouse RA mechanosensory afferents were included in the “small” category. Because the axon s ...
CHEMICAL SIGNALS AND VOMERONASAL SYSTEM FUNCTION
... Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. ...
... Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. ...
Essential Roles for GSK-3s and GSK-3
... 2003). Perhaps surprisingly, dramatic defects in morphogenesis of nervous system or other organs have not been reported. The lack of effect of eliminating GSK-3b on morphological development has suggested ‘‘compensation’’ via the closely related GSK-3a isoform. However, there is as yet no proof that ...
... 2003). Perhaps surprisingly, dramatic defects in morphogenesis of nervous system or other organs have not been reported. The lack of effect of eliminating GSK-3b on morphological development has suggested ‘‘compensation’’ via the closely related GSK-3a isoform. However, there is as yet no proof that ...
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... by filling the hollow ear bars of the stereotaxic apparatus with betadine salve. We then calculated the stereotaxic coordinates for each injection in three dimensions using the interaural line as reference. Surgical procedures. One week after the MRI, the monkeys were anesthetized with ketamine hydr ...
... by filling the hollow ear bars of the stereotaxic apparatus with betadine salve. We then calculated the stereotaxic coordinates for each injection in three dimensions using the interaural line as reference. Surgical procedures. One week after the MRI, the monkeys were anesthetized with ketamine hydr ...
A self-organizing model of disparity maps in the primary visual cortex
... light and bright light respectively. Rods are more numerous than cones but are conspicuously absent at the centre of the retina. This region is known as the fovea and represents the centre of fixation. It contains a high concentration of cones, thereby making it well-suited for fine-detailed vision. ...
... light and bright light respectively. Rods are more numerous than cones but are conspicuously absent at the centre of the retina. This region is known as the fovea and represents the centre of fixation. It contains a high concentration of cones, thereby making it well-suited for fine-detailed vision. ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... needed in stressful or frightening situations. During these fight-orflight events, the sympathetic division exhibits a mass activation response, whereby all components receiving sympathetic innervation get stimulated. (In contrast, the parasympathetic division is discrete and localized, meaning only ...
... needed in stressful or frightening situations. During these fight-orflight events, the sympathetic division exhibits a mass activation response, whereby all components receiving sympathetic innervation get stimulated. (In contrast, the parasympathetic division is discrete and localized, meaning only ...
Learning and memory in zebrafish larvae
... habituation as well. (The source of this discrepancy may be the specific NMDAR antagonist used by the two groups; Roberts and colleagues observed that MK801, a non-competitive NMDAR antagonist, used by Wolman and colleagues, did disrupt rapid habituation, whereas DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid ...
... habituation as well. (The source of this discrepancy may be the specific NMDAR antagonist used by the two groups; Roberts and colleagues observed that MK801, a non-competitive NMDAR antagonist, used by Wolman and colleagues, did disrupt rapid habituation, whereas DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid ...
Insula function in anorexia nervosa
... This chapter will deal with the insula, especially the connectivity of the insula with other brain regions. The insula is involved in a broad spectrum of brain functions, but it is also thought to be the center of psychiatric disorders as anorexia nervosa8, 9. It is therefore important to investigat ...
... This chapter will deal with the insula, especially the connectivity of the insula with other brain regions. The insula is involved in a broad spectrum of brain functions, but it is also thought to be the center of psychiatric disorders as anorexia nervosa8, 9. It is therefore important to investigat ...
Serum kisspeptin levels across different phases of the menstrual
... to the kisspeptin neurons and they express kisspeptin receptor as well.5,6 Kisspeptin is believed to mediate gonadal steroid feedback to the hypothalamus. Although androgens, oestrogen and progesterone suppress gonadotropin secretion, none of these sex steroids affect GnRH secretion by direct action ...
... to the kisspeptin neurons and they express kisspeptin receptor as well.5,6 Kisspeptin is believed to mediate gonadal steroid feedback to the hypothalamus. Although androgens, oestrogen and progesterone suppress gonadotropin secretion, none of these sex steroids affect GnRH secretion by direct action ...
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... zone et al. 1992a,b). In all of these cases, experience-dependent plasticity is specific to the stimuli that were attended to during behavior and passive exposure does not cause enduring changes in neuronal responses (Recanzone et al. 1993; Weinberger 1998; Weinberger and Bakin 1998). These results ...
... zone et al. 1992a,b). In all of these cases, experience-dependent plasticity is specific to the stimuli that were attended to during behavior and passive exposure does not cause enduring changes in neuronal responses (Recanzone et al. 1993; Weinberger 1998; Weinberger and Bakin 1998). These results ...
Neuronal polarity: establishing and maintaining the axon initial
... electric signal transfer, however since axons can be much longer than dendrites this transfer must be more faithful and stronger. Therefore axons have a system that boots the electric signal to sustain the same membrane potential as it travels along the axon. This boosted electric signal in the axon ...
... electric signal transfer, however since axons can be much longer than dendrites this transfer must be more faithful and stronger. Therefore axons have a system that boots the electric signal to sustain the same membrane potential as it travels along the axon. This boosted electric signal in the axon ...
Congenital Atresia of the External Ear and Tinnitus: A New Syndrome
... (CT) scan of temporal bones (January 7, 2005) revealed right external canal atresia but no CT abnormality of the right bony labyrinth. A dilated right internal auditory canal (IAC) showed no enhancing mass, but the right demonstrated abnormal pinna with calcifications. The left temporal bone was nor ...
... (CT) scan of temporal bones (January 7, 2005) revealed right external canal atresia but no CT abnormality of the right bony labyrinth. A dilated right internal auditory canal (IAC) showed no enhancing mass, but the right demonstrated abnormal pinna with calcifications. The left temporal bone was nor ...
Dendritic Spine Density Varies Between Unisensory
... (Purpura 1974). Studies have shown decreases in spine density in neocortical pyramidal neurons in patients with schizophrenia. One study of schizophrenics found 59 and 66% decreases in spine density in temporal and frontal cortical regions, respectively (Garey et al 1998). Another study (Glantz et ...
... (Purpura 1974). Studies have shown decreases in spine density in neocortical pyramidal neurons in patients with schizophrenia. One study of schizophrenics found 59 and 66% decreases in spine density in temporal and frontal cortical regions, respectively (Garey et al 1998). Another study (Glantz et ...
In silico analysis of Progeria: A genetic disease and natural
... cases, is rapid, progressive arterial occlusive disease, with death from myocardial infarction or stroke occurring at an average age of 13 years (range, 8–21 years) (Sagelius et al., 2008).So we tried to find the some natural compounds which can help to ameliorate the life span of progerian patients ...
... cases, is rapid, progressive arterial occlusive disease, with death from myocardial infarction or stroke occurring at an average age of 13 years (range, 8–21 years) (Sagelius et al., 2008).So we tried to find the some natural compounds which can help to ameliorate the life span of progerian patients ...
Gastric Effects of Cholecystokinin and Its Interaction with Leptin on
... functions, a partition was made at the mid-thoracic level of the preparation. An agar seal separated the recording bath chamber into a brainstem compartment and a gastric compartment. Peptides were applied only to the gastric compartment and their effects on the NTS neuronal activity were evaluated. ...
... functions, a partition was made at the mid-thoracic level of the preparation. An agar seal separated the recording bath chamber into a brainstem compartment and a gastric compartment. Peptides were applied only to the gastric compartment and their effects on the NTS neuronal activity were evaluated. ...
Disorders of Propionate and Methylmalonate Metabolism
... Formation of Propionate and Methylmalonate. Most of the propionic acid used by ruminant animals is formed by bacterial fermentation in the rumen.1 By contrast, nonruminant mammals derive most of their propionate from the catabolism of lipid and protein. As noted in Fig. 94-1, catabolism of the branc ...
... Formation of Propionate and Methylmalonate. Most of the propionic acid used by ruminant animals is formed by bacterial fermentation in the rumen.1 By contrast, nonruminant mammals derive most of their propionate from the catabolism of lipid and protein. As noted in Fig. 94-1, catabolism of the branc ...
The cortical column: a structure without a function
... daunting task of understanding one of the most intricate structures in biology: the cerebral cortex. Mountcastle’s concept of the cortical column has endured as a fundamental principle of brain organization. Yet when one stops to ponder its significance, it becomes apparent that neuroscience has no ...
... daunting task of understanding one of the most intricate structures in biology: the cerebral cortex. Mountcastle’s concept of the cortical column has endured as a fundamental principle of brain organization. Yet when one stops to ponder its significance, it becomes apparent that neuroscience has no ...
Clinical neurochemistry
Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans. While neurochemistry is mostly associated with the effects of neurotransmitters and similarly-functioning chemicals on neurons themselves, clinical neurochemistry relates these phenomena to system-wide symptoms. Clinical neurochemistry is related to neurogenesis, neuromodulation, neuroplasticity, neuroendocrinology, and neuroimmunology in the context of associating neurological findings at both lower and higher level organismal functions.