In vivo two-photon calcium imaging of neuronal networks
... at the single-cell level as well as the temporal dynamics in processing neuronal networks have remained unclear. Fluorometric Ca2⫹ imaging is another sensitive method for monitoring neuronal activity (8, 9). It makes use of the fact that in living cells, most depolarizing electrical signals are asso ...
... at the single-cell level as well as the temporal dynamics in processing neuronal networks have remained unclear. Fluorometric Ca2⫹ imaging is another sensitive method for monitoring neuronal activity (8, 9). It makes use of the fact that in living cells, most depolarizing electrical signals are asso ...
asgn2a -- NERVOUS SYSTEM - Indiana University Bloomington
... (nerve cell), illustrated in Figure 10-2a, has three specialized parts, in addition to the cell body (or soma), which carries out the basic life processes. These three parts are: 1. Several dendrites, which form the receiving end of a neuron. Most Figure 10-2a. The main parts of a neurons have many, ...
... (nerve cell), illustrated in Figure 10-2a, has three specialized parts, in addition to the cell body (or soma), which carries out the basic life processes. These three parts are: 1. Several dendrites, which form the receiving end of a neuron. Most Figure 10-2a. The main parts of a neurons have many, ...
Cerebral Cortex Lect
... pyramidal cell — conical cell body (>30 µm in diameter) with apical and basal dendrites and an axon that leaves the base of the cell to enter white matter. Pyramidal cells vary in size. They are the output cells of the cerebral cortex. granule cell — small, round cell body (<10 µm in diameter). Gran ...
... pyramidal cell — conical cell body (>30 µm in diameter) with apical and basal dendrites and an axon that leaves the base of the cell to enter white matter. Pyramidal cells vary in size. They are the output cells of the cerebral cortex. granule cell — small, round cell body (<10 µm in diameter). Gran ...
3 state neurons for contextual processing
... perforant path has a very large NMDA receptor content [14] which is, interestingly, co-localized with high densities of I KA conductances [5]. Experimental [13] and theoretical [12] observations suggest that these two pathways carry distinct information. Lisman has suggested that the perforant path ...
... perforant path has a very large NMDA receptor content [14] which is, interestingly, co-localized with high densities of I KA conductances [5]. Experimental [13] and theoretical [12] observations suggest that these two pathways carry distinct information. Lisman has suggested that the perforant path ...
Excitation of Ventral Tegmental Area Dopaminergic and
... (Bachem, Heidelberg, Germany), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) (Bachem), quinpirole (Research Biochemicals, Natick, MA), dopamine (Sigma, Deisenhofen, Germany), and DAMGO (Tyr-D-Ala-GlyNMe-Phe-Gly-ol) (Tocris Cookson, Bristol, UK). All other chemicals were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany ...
... (Bachem, Heidelberg, Germany), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) (Bachem), quinpirole (Research Biochemicals, Natick, MA), dopamine (Sigma, Deisenhofen, Germany), and DAMGO (Tyr-D-Ala-GlyNMe-Phe-Gly-ol) (Tocris Cookson, Bristol, UK). All other chemicals were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany ...
Hypothalamus and Basic Needs
... maintain a particular set point?? In addition to the feed-back loops, the hypothalamus also has some intrinsic receptors, including thermoreceptors and osmoreceptors to monitor temperature and ionic balance, respectively. Once the hypothalamus is “aware” of a problem, how does it fix it? Essentially ...
... maintain a particular set point?? In addition to the feed-back loops, the hypothalamus also has some intrinsic receptors, including thermoreceptors and osmoreceptors to monitor temperature and ionic balance, respectively. Once the hypothalamus is “aware” of a problem, how does it fix it? Essentially ...
PDF
... the nucleus (Figure 2C, inset). These fragmented dark neurons were scattered among the viable neurons, astrocytes, and microglia (Figure 2D). By LMS, these fragmented neurons were observed to have a faint form without nuclear staining, and they looked like ghost cells when stained with PAS (Figure 1 ...
... the nucleus (Figure 2C, inset). These fragmented dark neurons were scattered among the viable neurons, astrocytes, and microglia (Figure 2D). By LMS, these fragmented neurons were observed to have a faint form without nuclear staining, and they looked like ghost cells when stained with PAS (Figure 1 ...
Andrea Kádár
... relatively slow process. In contrast, the tanycyte end feet processes and the terminals of the TRH neurons are closely associated in the external zone of the ME. Therefore, we hypothesized that T3 produced by tanycytes may be taken up by axon terminals of these neurosecretory neurons in the ME and ...
... relatively slow process. In contrast, the tanycyte end feet processes and the terminals of the TRH neurons are closely associated in the external zone of the ME. Therefore, we hypothesized that T3 produced by tanycytes may be taken up by axon terminals of these neurosecretory neurons in the ME and ...
מצגת של PowerPoint
... is excitatory due to high intracellular Cl concentration (mediated by the transporter NKCC1). - This excitatory action of GABA is essential (necessary and perhaps sufficient) for proper development of dendrites and synaptic connections. Interpretations: - New neurons initially “listen” to network ac ...
... is excitatory due to high intracellular Cl concentration (mediated by the transporter NKCC1). - This excitatory action of GABA is essential (necessary and perhaps sufficient) for proper development of dendrites and synaptic connections. Interpretations: - New neurons initially “listen” to network ac ...
Essentials in the neuronal organization of the CNS
... branches (Golgi type II neurons, interneurons). Axons terminate in en passant and terminal boutons. Axons may branch giving rise to collateral branches. (The terms “axon” and “nerve fiber” can be used interchangeably.) Terminal boutons - End-portions of the axon establishing synapses with one or sev ...
... branches (Golgi type II neurons, interneurons). Axons terminate in en passant and terminal boutons. Axons may branch giving rise to collateral branches. (The terms “axon” and “nerve fiber” can be used interchangeably.) Terminal boutons - End-portions of the axon establishing synapses with one or sev ...
Cranial Nerves
... number, their major functions, and the site of their connection with the brain 2. Describe the control of eye movements 3. Describe the control of the eye, including pupillary, consensual and accommodation ...
... number, their major functions, and the site of their connection with the brain 2. Describe the control of eye movements 3. Describe the control of the eye, including pupillary, consensual and accommodation ...
Proprioceptive Eye Position Signals Are Still Missing a Sensory
... Despite thorough immunohistochemical examination, palisade endings remain surprisingly difficult to classify. Molecular features, such as positive CGRP reactivity, support the notion that palisade endings are a motor structure. However, they retain structural features similar to Golgi tendon organs. ...
... Despite thorough immunohistochemical examination, palisade endings remain surprisingly difficult to classify. Molecular features, such as positive CGRP reactivity, support the notion that palisade endings are a motor structure. However, they retain structural features similar to Golgi tendon organs. ...
Two-Photon Targeted Patching and Electroporation In Vivo
... the formation of a high-resistance seal between pipette and membrane ensures stable recordings for prolonged periods and is an approach that can even be used in awake, head-fixed, or behaving animals (Margrie et al. 2002; Lee et al. 2006). However, “blind” (i.e., nontargeted) recordings suffer from t ...
... the formation of a high-resistance seal between pipette and membrane ensures stable recordings for prolonged periods and is an approach that can even be used in awake, head-fixed, or behaving animals (Margrie et al. 2002; Lee et al. 2006). However, “blind” (i.e., nontargeted) recordings suffer from t ...
Sorting and convergence of primary olfactory axons are
... mass. In these animals, primary olfactory axons form glomerular-like loci despite the absence of normal postsynaptic targets. P2 axons are able to sort out from other axons in this fibrocellular mass and converge to form loci of like axons. The sites of these loci along mediolateral and ventrodorsal ...
... mass. In these animals, primary olfactory axons form glomerular-like loci despite the absence of normal postsynaptic targets. P2 axons are able to sort out from other axons in this fibrocellular mass and converge to form loci of like axons. The sites of these loci along mediolateral and ventrodorsal ...
Stable propagation of synchronous spiking in cortical neural networks
... is large enough (green). Thus, the system dynamics are governed by the interaction of the two state variables. Evidently, the number of neurons per group in¯uences the evolution of the activity (see Fig. 3a). The analysis in Fig. 3 was made using the group size w 100. To determine how many simulta ...
... is large enough (green). Thus, the system dynamics are governed by the interaction of the two state variables. Evidently, the number of neurons per group in¯uences the evolution of the activity (see Fig. 3a). The analysis in Fig. 3 was made using the group size w 100. To determine how many simulta ...
Induced pluripotent stem cells in Parkinson`s disease
... use an excellent system to model PD. iPSCs provide an opportunity to verify the understanding of PD harvested from cellular or animal models and pathological studies in live DA neurons. For instance, the most exciting finding made recently on PD mechanism is that mitophagy is implicated in PD. On mit ...
... use an excellent system to model PD. iPSCs provide an opportunity to verify the understanding of PD harvested from cellular or animal models and pathological studies in live DA neurons. For instance, the most exciting finding made recently on PD mechanism is that mitophagy is implicated in PD. On mit ...
Nervous System - WordPress.com
... Regarding neuromuscular transmission, which statement is INCORRECT? a) smooth muscle cells possess synapses en passant b) about 10 times as much acetylcholine as is required is released at skeletal muscle neuromuscular junctions c) antibodies can develop to calcium channels in nerve endings at neuro ...
... Regarding neuromuscular transmission, which statement is INCORRECT? a) smooth muscle cells possess synapses en passant b) about 10 times as much acetylcholine as is required is released at skeletal muscle neuromuscular junctions c) antibodies can develop to calcium channels in nerve endings at neuro ...
autonomic nervous system
... • Comparisons of somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) (continued) • ANS • CNS motor neurons synapse with visceral motor neurons in autonomic ganglia, which control visceral effectors ...
... • Comparisons of somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) (continued) • ANS • CNS motor neurons synapse with visceral motor neurons in autonomic ganglia, which control visceral effectors ...
Spontaneous firing patterns of identified spiny neurons in the rat
... for the occurrence of such phasic responses. These studies have not determined whether such bursts of action potentials represent a characteristic pattern of the neostriatal outflow, or rather the activity of interneurons involved in the local processing of afferent activity. A minority of neostriat ...
... for the occurrence of such phasic responses. These studies have not determined whether such bursts of action potentials represent a characteristic pattern of the neostriatal outflow, or rather the activity of interneurons involved in the local processing of afferent activity. A minority of neostriat ...
Capogna Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014
... their axons form preferentially perisomatic baskets or PV+ axo-axonic cells ‘cartridges’ onto postsynaptic neurons [23–25]. The PV neurons usually fire short duration non-adapting action potentials (half-width 0.5 ms) [23,26], but a subset of them displays regular firing and accommodating phenotype ...
... their axons form preferentially perisomatic baskets or PV+ axo-axonic cells ‘cartridges’ onto postsynaptic neurons [23–25]. The PV neurons usually fire short duration non-adapting action potentials (half-width 0.5 ms) [23,26], but a subset of them displays regular firing and accommodating phenotype ...
Harding, G. W. and A. L. Towe. 1995. Neuron Response to Direct
... modulation reside near neurons with strong facilitatory modulation, and neurons that respond early to surface stimulation reside near those that respond late, or not at all, to the same stimulus. The simplicity of the response which is obtained near the site of strong surface stimulation, where most ...
... modulation reside near neurons with strong facilitatory modulation, and neurons that respond early to surface stimulation reside near those that respond late, or not at all, to the same stimulus. The simplicity of the response which is obtained near the site of strong surface stimulation, where most ...
Engineering new synaptic connections in the C. elegans connectome
... importance of current shunting to inactive neurons for coinci- reorienting, ultimately producing net through chemical synaptic transmission dence detection in the hub-and-spoke migration toward sources of moderately (Fig. 3B, left). The inhibition or excitacircuit. concentrated salt33. The processes ...
... importance of current shunting to inactive neurons for coinci- reorienting, ultimately producing net through chemical synaptic transmission dence detection in the hub-and-spoke migration toward sources of moderately (Fig. 3B, left). The inhibition or excitacircuit. concentrated salt33. The processes ...
Synchronization and coordination of sequences in two neural
... 共Received 12 August 2004; published 21 June 2005兲 There are many types of neural networks involved in the sequential motor behavior of animals. For high species, the control and coordination of the network dynamics is a function of the higher levels of the central nervous system, in particular the c ...
... 共Received 12 August 2004; published 21 June 2005兲 There are many types of neural networks involved in the sequential motor behavior of animals. For high species, the control and coordination of the network dynamics is a function of the higher levels of the central nervous system, in particular the c ...
Axon
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An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.