Mechanisms of response homeostasis during retinocollicular map
... in the activity-dependent development of neural circuits. However, these mechanisms are inherently unstable and would lead to the runaway excitation or depression of circuits if left unchecked. In the last decade, a number of elegant studies have demonstrated that homeostatic plasticity mechanisms e ...
... in the activity-dependent development of neural circuits. However, these mechanisms are inherently unstable and would lead to the runaway excitation or depression of circuits if left unchecked. In the last decade, a number of elegant studies have demonstrated that homeostatic plasticity mechanisms e ...
Mechanisms of cell migration in the nervous system
... interpret, and respond to the world around them. They consist of specialized, electrically active cells connected together in networks. Essentially, all nervous systems develop by four main stages: the proliferation of progenitors in an epithelium, the specification of neurons and glia, the growth a ...
... interpret, and respond to the world around them. They consist of specialized, electrically active cells connected together in networks. Essentially, all nervous systems develop by four main stages: the proliferation of progenitors in an epithelium, the specification of neurons and glia, the growth a ...
Spinal Nerves
... •There is a pair of spinal nerves at the level of each vertebrae for a total of 31 pairs •Formed by the combination of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord •Named for the region from which they arise ...
... •There is a pair of spinal nerves at the level of each vertebrae for a total of 31 pairs •Formed by the combination of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord •Named for the region from which they arise ...
emg and ncs: a practical approach to
... • Integrity of the motor and sensory nerves can be ascertained directly from NCS • Direct information regarding health of muscle and the neuromuscular junction and indirect information regarding state of muscular innervation is provided by EMG • Knowing the root level, plexus and terminal branch inn ...
... • Integrity of the motor and sensory nerves can be ascertained directly from NCS • Direct information regarding health of muscle and the neuromuscular junction and indirect information regarding state of muscular innervation is provided by EMG • Knowing the root level, plexus and terminal branch inn ...
Chapter 17-Pathways and Integrative Functions
... • Communication of CNS with body structures through pathways • Tracts = groups or bundles of axons that travel together in CNS • Nucleus = collection of neuron cell bodies within CNS • Somatotropy = correspondence between body area of receptors and functional areas in cerebral cortex ...
... • Communication of CNS with body structures through pathways • Tracts = groups or bundles of axons that travel together in CNS • Nucleus = collection of neuron cell bodies within CNS • Somatotropy = correspondence between body area of receptors and functional areas in cerebral cortex ...
Lab 10 – Nervous Tissue Nervous Tissue
... neurons are generally considered the “functional” cells of nervous tissue as they – unlike neuroglial cells – are capable of impulse conduction and synthesis of neurotransmitters; they can vary greatly in size and shape based upon location and function (e.g., sensory, motor, or interneuron); however ...
... neurons are generally considered the “functional” cells of nervous tissue as they – unlike neuroglial cells – are capable of impulse conduction and synthesis of neurotransmitters; they can vary greatly in size and shape based upon location and function (e.g., sensory, motor, or interneuron); however ...
Immunocytochemical Distribution of the
... were utilized for light microscopy. Housing and experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with United States Department of Agriculture and National Institutes of Health guidelines and with approval of the University of Pittsburgh’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Monkeys were ...
... were utilized for light microscopy. Housing and experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with United States Department of Agriculture and National Institutes of Health guidelines and with approval of the University of Pittsburgh’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Monkeys were ...
Auditory and Vestibular Systems Objective • To learn the functional
... patient by electrically stimulating this thalamic region. From the ventral posterior nucleus, vestibular information projects to two regions of the parietal lobe (NTA Fig. 7-10). One region is located in the posterior parietal cortex immediately caudal to the primary somatosensory cortex (termed ves ...
... patient by electrically stimulating this thalamic region. From the ventral posterior nucleus, vestibular information projects to two regions of the parietal lobe (NTA Fig. 7-10). One region is located in the posterior parietal cortex immediately caudal to the primary somatosensory cortex (termed ves ...
NAlab07_AuditVest
... patient by electrically stimulating this thalamic region. From the ventral posterior nucleus, vestibular information projects to two regions of the parietal lobe (NTA Fig. 7-10). One region is located in the posterior parietal cortex immediately caudal to the primary somatosensory cortex (termed ves ...
... patient by electrically stimulating this thalamic region. From the ventral posterior nucleus, vestibular information projects to two regions of the parietal lobe (NTA Fig. 7-10). One region is located in the posterior parietal cortex immediately caudal to the primary somatosensory cortex (termed ves ...
Full Text PDF - J
... mouse brain. GCP-WD and CDK5RAP2 are well known γtubulin-recruiting proteins that are localized at the centrosome in general interphase cells and bind to γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) [5, 9, 18]. GCP-WD and CDK5RAP2, together with many kinds of kinases, make γTuRC change conformation so that the co ...
... mouse brain. GCP-WD and CDK5RAP2 are well known γtubulin-recruiting proteins that are localized at the centrosome in general interphase cells and bind to γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) [5, 9, 18]. GCP-WD and CDK5RAP2, together with many kinds of kinases, make γTuRC change conformation so that the co ...
Electrophysiological Identification of Tonic and Phasic Neurons in
... increased excitability of phasic neuron contributed to cystitis-induced pain and hyperactivity of the urinary bladder (Yoshimura and de Groat 1999, Sculptoreanu and de Groat 2007). In contrast, Dong et al. (2008) found that intestinal inflammation induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonate selectively inc ...
... increased excitability of phasic neuron contributed to cystitis-induced pain and hyperactivity of the urinary bladder (Yoshimura and de Groat 1999, Sculptoreanu and de Groat 2007). In contrast, Dong et al. (2008) found that intestinal inflammation induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonate selectively inc ...
Cell type-specific pharmacology of NMDA receptors using masked
... engineering can be used to selectively knock out NMDA receptors in certain types of brain cells, but these techniques are too slow, and can take weeks or even a lifetime to work. Now, Yang et al. have developed a clever way to combine an NMDA-blocking drug and genetic engineering to study NMDA recep ...
... engineering can be used to selectively knock out NMDA receptors in certain types of brain cells, but these techniques are too slow, and can take weeks or even a lifetime to work. Now, Yang et al. have developed a clever way to combine an NMDA-blocking drug and genetic engineering to study NMDA recep ...
Horizontal Synaptic Connections in Monkey Prefrontal Cortex: An In
... Giga-Ohm seals (resistance >2 GΩ) were obtained using the ‘blow and seal’ technique, as described elsewhere (Stuart et al., 1993). The access resistance (Racc) was not compensated and had values between 8 and 25 MΩ. Racc was continuously monitored and recordings were rejected for analysis when Racc ...
... Giga-Ohm seals (resistance >2 GΩ) were obtained using the ‘blow and seal’ technique, as described elsewhere (Stuart et al., 1993). The access resistance (Racc) was not compensated and had values between 8 and 25 MΩ. Racc was continuously monitored and recordings were rejected for analysis when Racc ...
Neurobilogy of Sleep
... Neurons in the LDT and PPT areas that are located in the dorsal midbrain and pons make up the majority of the dorsal RAS pathway through the pons and are cholinergic. • Some of the neurons are active during wake and REM sleep (wake/ REM-on), whereas others are active mainly during REM sleep (REM-on) ...
... Neurons in the LDT and PPT areas that are located in the dorsal midbrain and pons make up the majority of the dorsal RAS pathway through the pons and are cholinergic. • Some of the neurons are active during wake and REM sleep (wake/ REM-on), whereas others are active mainly during REM sleep (REM-on) ...
Phosphorylation of c-Jun in avian and mammalian motoneurons in
... not known whether a similar molecular event is involved in the developmental programmed cell death (PCD) of neurons in vivo.We observed that only a subpopulation of motoneurons (MNs) exhibit c-Jun phosphorylation during the PCD period in chick [embryonic day 5 (E5)-E12] and mouse (E13-E18) embryos. ...
... not known whether a similar molecular event is involved in the developmental programmed cell death (PCD) of neurons in vivo.We observed that only a subpopulation of motoneurons (MNs) exhibit c-Jun phosphorylation during the PCD period in chick [embryonic day 5 (E5)-E12] and mouse (E13-E18) embryos. ...
Chapter 14 - apsubiology.org
... Systemic body temperature elevation results in widespread dilation of blood vessels This dilation brings warm blood to the surface and activates sweat glands to cool the body When temperature falls, blood vessels constrict and blood is retained in deeper vital organs ...
... Systemic body temperature elevation results in widespread dilation of blood vessels This dilation brings warm blood to the surface and activates sweat glands to cool the body When temperature falls, blood vessels constrict and blood is retained in deeper vital organs ...
part ii: the animal mind - Neural and Mental Evolution
... enables them to use available raw materials to grow and repair themselves; (ii) a coding and transcription apparatus that provides them with a blueprint for the regulation of their metabolic, morphogenetic and regenerative processes; and (iii) a genetic apparatus that enables some individuals to pas ...
... enables them to use available raw materials to grow and repair themselves; (ii) a coding and transcription apparatus that provides them with a blueprint for the regulation of their metabolic, morphogenetic and regenerative processes; and (iii) a genetic apparatus that enables some individuals to pas ...
What Is the Nervous System?
... • Sensory Neurons Information about your external and internal environment is gathered by sensory neurons through your sense organs or other parts of your body. • Interneurons Located only in the brain and spinal cord, interneurons pass impulses from one neuron to another. • Motor Neurons Motor neur ...
... • Sensory Neurons Information about your external and internal environment is gathered by sensory neurons through your sense organs or other parts of your body. • Interneurons Located only in the brain and spinal cord, interneurons pass impulses from one neuron to another. • Motor Neurons Motor neur ...
Medical Gross Anatomy - University of Michigan
... ANS because the cell bodies of the presynaptic sympathetic neurons are located in the lateral horns (a.k.a. intermediolateral cell columns) of the spinal cord gray matter, which are found in spinal cord segments T1 through L2. There are no sympathetic presynaptic cell bodies above spinal cord level ...
... ANS because the cell bodies of the presynaptic sympathetic neurons are located in the lateral horns (a.k.a. intermediolateral cell columns) of the spinal cord gray matter, which are found in spinal cord segments T1 through L2. There are no sympathetic presynaptic cell bodies above spinal cord level ...
The Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis and Its Variants
... of lesions (plaques) disseminated in location and varying in age, as would be expected from the clinical features. In addition, there is a second demyelinating process consisting of the demyelination of individual fibers or small groups of fibers that is best seen in the spinal cord. Plaques can be ...
... of lesions (plaques) disseminated in location and varying in age, as would be expected from the clinical features. In addition, there is a second demyelinating process consisting of the demyelination of individual fibers or small groups of fibers that is best seen in the spinal cord. Plaques can be ...
Wild-Type Nonneuronal Cells Extend Survival of SOD1 Mutant
... reduces motor neuron mortality. To assess whether SOD1 mutant nonneuronal cells can influence neighboring wild-type neurons, spinal cord sections of chimeric animals were analyzed at end-stage disease for pathologic ...
... reduces motor neuron mortality. To assess whether SOD1 mutant nonneuronal cells can influence neighboring wild-type neurons, spinal cord sections of chimeric animals were analyzed at end-stage disease for pathologic ...
The Motor System of the Cortex and the Brain Stem
... Extrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by α motor neurons Slide 13. There are two types of muscle fibers: extrafusal fibers, which attach to tendons, which in turn attach to the skeleton, and intrafusal fibers, which attach to the extrafusal fibers. Extrafusal fibers produce the force that acts on ...
... Extrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by α motor neurons Slide 13. There are two types of muscle fibers: extrafusal fibers, which attach to tendons, which in turn attach to the skeleton, and intrafusal fibers, which attach to the extrafusal fibers. Extrafusal fibers produce the force that acts on ...
Ultrastructure and Function of Cephalopod Chromatophores
... muscles are completely relaxed and the chromatophores are retracted. Stimulation of the skin nerves with single pulses causes twitch-contractions; repetitive stimulation above 6-10 pulses/sec gives rise to a tetanus. Not. all the muscle fibers of a given chromatophore are activated by the same nerve ...
... muscles are completely relaxed and the chromatophores are retracted. Stimulation of the skin nerves with single pulses causes twitch-contractions; repetitive stimulation above 6-10 pulses/sec gives rise to a tetanus. Not. all the muscle fibers of a given chromatophore are activated by the same nerve ...
Postnatal Development of the Corticospinal Tract in the Reeler Mouse
... and at the upper lumbar level on P8. The similar results were also demonstrated by the retrograde labeling of CST neurons with injection of HRP into the C1 level or upper lumbar enlargement. Next, we examined CaMKII expression in the CST axons of the adult normal and reeler mice. CaMKII-immunoposi ...
... and at the upper lumbar level on P8. The similar results were also demonstrated by the retrograde labeling of CST neurons with injection of HRP into the C1 level or upper lumbar enlargement. Next, we examined CaMKII expression in the CST axons of the adult normal and reeler mice. CaMKII-immunoposi ...
Axon
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An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.