Chapter 2 - IFSC-USP
... neuron are therefore said to be all-or-none, because they occur fully or not at all. If the amplitude or duration of the stimulus current is increased sufficiently, multiple action potentials occur, as can be seen in the responses to the three different current intensities shown in Figure 2.2B (righ ...
... neuron are therefore said to be all-or-none, because they occur fully or not at all. If the amplitude or duration of the stimulus current is increased sufficiently, multiple action potentials occur, as can be seen in the responses to the three different current intensities shown in Figure 2.2B (righ ...
Presynaptic Modulation of the Retinogeniculate Synapse
... Modulatory projections from brainstem nuclei and intrinsic thalamic interneurons play a significant role in modifying sensory information as it is relayed from the thalamus to the cortex. In the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), neurotransmitters released from these modulatory inputs can affect the ...
... Modulatory projections from brainstem nuclei and intrinsic thalamic interneurons play a significant role in modifying sensory information as it is relayed from the thalamus to the cortex. In the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), neurotransmitters released from these modulatory inputs can affect the ...
Dendrite structure
... (Ostapoff et al. 1994). These descriptors are not readily applicable to stellate neurons in other areas of the brain. In some neurons, dendrites radiate in arbitrary directions from the cell body but are restricted to a planar region. This type of laminar radiation (see Table 1.2) is seen in horizon ...
... (Ostapoff et al. 1994). These descriptors are not readily applicable to stellate neurons in other areas of the brain. In some neurons, dendrites radiate in arbitrary directions from the cell body but are restricted to a planar region. This type of laminar radiation (see Table 1.2) is seen in horizon ...
Dendrite structure
... (Ostapoff et al. 1994). These descriptors are not readily applicable to stellate neurons in other areas of the brain. In some neurons, dendrites radiate in arbitrary directions from the cell body but are restricted to a planar region. This type of laminar radiation (see Table 1.2) is seen in horizon ...
... (Ostapoff et al. 1994). These descriptors are not readily applicable to stellate neurons in other areas of the brain. In some neurons, dendrites radiate in arbitrary directions from the cell body but are restricted to a planar region. This type of laminar radiation (see Table 1.2) is seen in horizon ...
The Superior Olivary Nucleus and Its Influence on Nucleus
... Whole-cell voltage signals were recorded under current clamp using an Axoclamp 2B microelectrode amplifier (Axon Instruments, Burlingame, CA). Tight seals (.1 GV) were established on the somata of visually identified neurons by applying slight negative pressure to the recording pipette after contact ...
... Whole-cell voltage signals were recorded under current clamp using an Axoclamp 2B microelectrode amplifier (Axon Instruments, Burlingame, CA). Tight seals (.1 GV) were established on the somata of visually identified neurons by applying slight negative pressure to the recording pipette after contact ...
autonomic nervous system
... • The autonomic nervous system contains both autonomic sensory and motor neurons. – Autonomic sensory input is not consciously perceived. • The autonomic motor neurons regulate visceral activities by either increasing (exciting) or decreasing (inhibiting) ongoing activities of cardiac muscle, smooth ...
... • The autonomic nervous system contains both autonomic sensory and motor neurons. – Autonomic sensory input is not consciously perceived. • The autonomic motor neurons regulate visceral activities by either increasing (exciting) or decreasing (inhibiting) ongoing activities of cardiac muscle, smooth ...
REFLEX ARCS - Anatomy.tv
... The interneuron releases an inhibitory neurotransmitter that inhibits the motor neuron, making it less excitable and reducing the likelihood of an action potential being generated. 5. Skeletal muscle This leads to relaxation of the skeletal muscles attached to the stretched muscle tendon (in this ca ...
... The interneuron releases an inhibitory neurotransmitter that inhibits the motor neuron, making it less excitable and reducing the likelihood of an action potential being generated. 5. Skeletal muscle This leads to relaxation of the skeletal muscles attached to the stretched muscle tendon (in this ca ...
Drivers and modulators from push-pull and balanced synaptic input
... constant, and !(x) is a step function that takes the value 1 if x>0 and zero otherwise. Equation 1 gives the firing rate in terms of an input current, or equivalently the effective steady-state potential it produces. This formula is valid in the absence of ‘‘noise’’, which means non-variable synapti ...
... constant, and !(x) is a step function that takes the value 1 if x>0 and zero otherwise. Equation 1 gives the firing rate in terms of an input current, or equivalently the effective steady-state potential it produces. This formula is valid in the absence of ‘‘noise’’, which means non-variable synapti ...
Skeletal System
... The white matter on each side of the column is divided into three white columns or funiculi and labeled according to their position (posterior, lateral, anterior) Each funiculi contains several fiber tracts, and each tract is made up of axons with similar destinations and functions ...
... The white matter on each side of the column is divided into three white columns or funiculi and labeled according to their position (posterior, lateral, anterior) Each funiculi contains several fiber tracts, and each tract is made up of axons with similar destinations and functions ...
Number, size and distribution of ganglion neurons in urinary bladder
... concentrated near the urethral orifice. (See Fig 1). Most of the neuronal cell bodies were cir cular in profile although some were elongat ed, with the long axis being twice the short axis (Fig 2A). While several isolated and paired neurons were found in all animals (Fig 2B), most intramural neuro ...
... concentrated near the urethral orifice. (See Fig 1). Most of the neuronal cell bodies were cir cular in profile although some were elongat ed, with the long axis being twice the short axis (Fig 2A). While several isolated and paired neurons were found in all animals (Fig 2B), most intramural neuro ...
Document
... Clinical Relevance » Surgery for colorectal cancer puts pelvic splanchnics at risk » Damage causes bladder & sexual dysfunction Moore’s COA5 2006 ...
... Clinical Relevance » Surgery for colorectal cancer puts pelvic splanchnics at risk » Damage causes bladder & sexual dysfunction Moore’s COA5 2006 ...
Capturing Brain Dynamics: a combined neuroscience and
... ‣ But information processed in different subregions of the brain ...
... ‣ But information processed in different subregions of the brain ...
Document
... The conus medullaris is a strand of fibrous tissue that helps support the spinal cord. The spinal cord of an adult ends between L1 and L2. The amount of grey matter in the spinal cord is the least at the cervical and lumbar enlargements. ...
... The conus medullaris is a strand of fibrous tissue that helps support the spinal cord. The spinal cord of an adult ends between L1 and L2. The amount of grey matter in the spinal cord is the least at the cervical and lumbar enlargements. ...
Granger causality analysis of state dependent functional connectivity
... during the swallow, which is characterized by a long slow open phase of the gape cycle. Fig. 1 (b), (c), and (d) show the statistically significant causal interactions (p < 0.005) for Chew Transitions at three different times relative to the maximum gape (at 0 ms) between two consecutive cycles: Tim ...
... during the swallow, which is characterized by a long slow open phase of the gape cycle. Fig. 1 (b), (c), and (d) show the statistically significant causal interactions (p < 0.005) for Chew Transitions at three different times relative to the maximum gape (at 0 ms) between two consecutive cycles: Tim ...
Trial and Error – Optogenetic techniques offer insight into the
... input-output function of identified dopamine neurons and to determine how expectation transforms this function. We found that dopamine neurons use simple subtraction (9) [see the figure (B)]. Although this arithmetic is assumed in computational models, it is remarkably rare in the brain; division is ...
... input-output function of identified dopamine neurons and to determine how expectation transforms this function. We found that dopamine neurons use simple subtraction (9) [see the figure (B)]. Although this arithmetic is assumed in computational models, it is remarkably rare in the brain; division is ...
Functional Integration of Dopaminergic Neurons Directly Converted
... Recent advances in somatic cell reprogramming have highlighted the plasticity of the somatic epigenome, particularly through demonstrations of direct lineage reprogramming of one somatic cell type to another by defined factors. However, it is not clear to what extent this type of reprogramming is ab ...
... Recent advances in somatic cell reprogramming have highlighted the plasticity of the somatic epigenome, particularly through demonstrations of direct lineage reprogramming of one somatic cell type to another by defined factors. However, it is not clear to what extent this type of reprogramming is ab ...
binding, internalization, and retrograde transport of `251
... the actions of NGF in target cells. It may be that plasma using modified 35-mm culture dishes (Hawrot and Patmembrane-localized binding of NGF mediates a set of terson, 1979; Hawrot, 1980). The growth of non-neuronal rapid responses, such as the efflux of Na+ ions (Skaper cells was prevented by trea ...
... the actions of NGF in target cells. It may be that plasma using modified 35-mm culture dishes (Hawrot and Patmembrane-localized binding of NGF mediates a set of terson, 1979; Hawrot, 1980). The growth of non-neuronal rapid responses, such as the efflux of Na+ ions (Skaper cells was prevented by trea ...
Primitive Roles for Inhibitory Interneurons in Developing Frog Spinal
... a synaptic connection, shown in more detail in the micrographs below. Each neuron has a spherical soma and a ventral process with dendrites. The aIN has an ascending axon (a) and a descending axon (d) with possible synaptic contact onto a cIN dendrite (see arrow). The ventral cIN axon goes out of fo ...
... a synaptic connection, shown in more detail in the micrographs below. Each neuron has a spherical soma and a ventral process with dendrites. The aIN has an ascending axon (a) and a descending axon (d) with possible synaptic contact onto a cIN dendrite (see arrow). The ventral cIN axon goes out of fo ...
Voltage-Dependent Switching of Sensorimotor Integration by a
... Universités Bordeaux 1 et 2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5543, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie de la Signalisation Cellulaire, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France ...
... Universités Bordeaux 1 et 2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5543, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie de la Signalisation Cellulaire, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France ...
BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BEHAVIOR
... soma (cell body) may trigger a nerve impulse, which travels down the axon to stimulate other neurons, muscles, or glands. Some axons have a fatty myelin sheath interrupted at intervals by the nodes of Ranvier. The myelin sheath helps increase the speed of nerve conduction. Axon ...
... soma (cell body) may trigger a nerve impulse, which travels down the axon to stimulate other neurons, muscles, or glands. Some axons have a fatty myelin sheath interrupted at intervals by the nodes of Ranvier. The myelin sheath helps increase the speed of nerve conduction. Axon ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... brain or spinal cord. Cranial nerves go through openings in the skull and stimulate regions of the head and neck. Spinal nerves stimulate the rest of the body. The cell bodies of cranial and spinal nerves are ...
... brain or spinal cord. Cranial nerves go through openings in the skull and stimulate regions of the head and neck. Spinal nerves stimulate the rest of the body. The cell bodies of cranial and spinal nerves are ...
RH Ettinger - Test Bank 1
... b. a disequilibrium of positive and negatively charged ions inside and outside the axon. c. a high concentration of sodium inside the cell. d. potassium ions. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5 9. The resting membrane potential has a charge of about ________ millivolts. a. 0 b. +100 c. –70 d. –55 Answer: ...
... b. a disequilibrium of positive and negatively charged ions inside and outside the axon. c. a high concentration of sodium inside the cell. d. potassium ions. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5 9. The resting membrane potential has a charge of about ________ millivolts. a. 0 b. +100 c. –70 d. –55 Answer: ...
Slide - Reza Shadmehr
... Spindle is in parallel to the extrafusal muscle fibers Stimulation of the g-motor neuron shortens the spindle. This results in increased firing in the spindle afferent. ...
... Spindle is in parallel to the extrafusal muscle fibers Stimulation of the g-motor neuron shortens the spindle. This results in increased firing in the spindle afferent. ...
Axon
.svg?width=300)
An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.