Ch12 notes Martini 9e
... • The sodium–potassium exchange pump ejects 3 Na+ ions for every 2 K+ ions that it brings into the cell • It serves to stabilize the resting potential when the ratio of Na+ entry to K+ loss through passive channels is 3:2 • At the normal resting potential, these passive and active mechanisms are in ...
... • The sodium–potassium exchange pump ejects 3 Na+ ions for every 2 K+ ions that it brings into the cell • It serves to stabilize the resting potential when the ratio of Na+ entry to K+ loss through passive channels is 3:2 • At the normal resting potential, these passive and active mechanisms are in ...
Certain Histological and Anatomical Features of the Central Nervous
... The earliest work on the anatomy of the central nervous system of spiders was that of Saint-Rimy (1890) who described different types of cells, nerve centers of the brain, and the subesophageal ganglion. Hanstrom (1919, 1921, 1928, and 1936) described the brain of different groups of araneids with p ...
... The earliest work on the anatomy of the central nervous system of spiders was that of Saint-Rimy (1890) who described different types of cells, nerve centers of the brain, and the subesophageal ganglion. Hanstrom (1919, 1921, 1928, and 1936) described the brain of different groups of araneids with p ...
Large-Scale Fluorescence Calcium-Imaging
... Because of these biophysical and optical facets of Ca2þ imaging, there is substantial variability in the relationship between the amplitude and waveform of a somatic Ca2þ transient, as seen by fluorescence imaging, and the number of action potentials underlying the transient (Fig. 1C). Moreover, the ...
... Because of these biophysical and optical facets of Ca2þ imaging, there is substantial variability in the relationship between the amplitude and waveform of a somatic Ca2þ transient, as seen by fluorescence imaging, and the number of action potentials underlying the transient (Fig. 1C). Moreover, the ...
Chronic multiunit recordings in behaving animals: advantages and
... The method used to study brain functions depends on the question one likes to answer, given that every method has it advantages and disadvantages. Some methods, like EEG and fMRI have the advantage of being noninvasive. EEG reflects the gradual change in the membrane potential of large populations o ...
... The method used to study brain functions depends on the question one likes to answer, given that every method has it advantages and disadvantages. Some methods, like EEG and fMRI have the advantage of being noninvasive. EEG reflects the gradual change in the membrane potential of large populations o ...
Anatomical and physiological bases of consciousness and sleep
... (=mesopontine tegmentum) –project to cerebral cortex & thalamus attention, wakefulness, REM sleep -Cholinergic structures of basal forebrain project to a. the cerebral cortex –regulation of behavioral functions, including cortical arousal, wakefulness, sensory processing, learning and memory b. Reti ...
... (=mesopontine tegmentum) –project to cerebral cortex & thalamus attention, wakefulness, REM sleep -Cholinergic structures of basal forebrain project to a. the cerebral cortex –regulation of behavioral functions, including cortical arousal, wakefulness, sensory processing, learning and memory b. Reti ...
Neurophysiology of sleep-wake states in relation to consciousness
... This firing mode can be called the ‘oscillatory’ mode. The high voltage, irregular and low frequency waves of slow wave sleep, become manifest when neurons undergo a further hyperpolarization to about -70 till -90 mV. Delta waves have a large amplitude, which implies that extended populations of neu ...
... This firing mode can be called the ‘oscillatory’ mode. The high voltage, irregular and low frequency waves of slow wave sleep, become manifest when neurons undergo a further hyperpolarization to about -70 till -90 mV. Delta waves have a large amplitude, which implies that extended populations of neu ...
A GPU-accelerated cortical neural network model for visually guided
... Minch, & Delbruck, 2010; Wen & Boahen, 2009). Thus, developing complex spiking networks that display cognitive functions or learn behavioral abilities through autonomous interaction may also represent an important step toward realizing functional largescale networks on neuromorphic hardware. Overall ...
... Minch, & Delbruck, 2010; Wen & Boahen, 2009). Thus, developing complex spiking networks that display cognitive functions or learn behavioral abilities through autonomous interaction may also represent an important step toward realizing functional largescale networks on neuromorphic hardware. Overall ...
Human Vision: Electrophysiology and Psychophysics
... The neuron is a superchip The neuron is the basic building block for all the activities in the brain – these activities are as diverse as • sensory function – vision, audition, touch, smell • motor functions – muscle contraction • perception eg • cognition For these functions, one neuron can receiv ...
... The neuron is a superchip The neuron is the basic building block for all the activities in the brain – these activities are as diverse as • sensory function – vision, audition, touch, smell • motor functions – muscle contraction • perception eg • cognition For these functions, one neuron can receiv ...
nerve impulse patterns and reflex control in the motor system
... was already low. It was nearly impossible to induce a hard claw pinch, but some walking and defensive reactions occurred. The defence reaction, which involves raising and opening the claws, was associated with strong electrical activity in the opener muscle. In the absence of known stimuli usually n ...
... was already low. It was nearly impossible to induce a hard claw pinch, but some walking and defensive reactions occurred. The defence reaction, which involves raising and opening the claws, was associated with strong electrical activity in the opener muscle. In the absence of known stimuli usually n ...
Maturation of Layer V Pyramidal Neurons in the Rat Prefrontal
... 1994; Weinberger and Berman 1996). Although the causes for such malfunction may be complex, many studies suggest abnormalities that occur during early postnatal development (Jones 1997; Lewis and Levitt 2002; Raedler et al. 1998). Electrical activities play important roles in developmental processes ...
... 1994; Weinberger and Berman 1996). Although the causes for such malfunction may be complex, many studies suggest abnormalities that occur during early postnatal development (Jones 1997; Lewis and Levitt 2002; Raedler et al. 1998). Electrical activities play important roles in developmental processes ...
Spontaneous Spike Activity of Spinoreticular Tract Neurons During
... from quiet wakefulness principally by the presence of a large amplitude synchronized slow-wave EEG pattern, a relatively moderate level of EMG activity, and little or no EOG and PGO wave activity (Figures 2, 3). The group mean spontaneous spike rate for the same SRT neurons measured 19.1 spikes/s±3. ...
... from quiet wakefulness principally by the presence of a large amplitude synchronized slow-wave EEG pattern, a relatively moderate level of EMG activity, and little or no EOG and PGO wave activity (Figures 2, 3). The group mean spontaneous spike rate for the same SRT neurons measured 19.1 spikes/s±3. ...
NIHMS263877-supplement-1
... “Choice of network parameters”. In simulations, amplitudes and timescales are determined from the spectral decomposition of J (i.e. its eigenvalues and eigenvectors) following Eqs.(1.5) and (1.6). The distribution of amplitudes and timescales across neurons in the model is then plotted and compared ...
... “Choice of network parameters”. In simulations, amplitudes and timescales are determined from the spectral decomposition of J (i.e. its eigenvalues and eigenvectors) following Eqs.(1.5) and (1.6). The distribution of amplitudes and timescales across neurons in the model is then plotted and compared ...
Corticothalamic feedback and sensory processing
... demonstrated by revisiting the experiments of Suga and co-workers [33–35]. Once a sensory signal is initially transmitted from the MGB to the cortex, further activity in the MGB (and other corticofugal targets [39]) is markedly modified by feedback from the activated regions of cortex. The activati ...
... demonstrated by revisiting the experiments of Suga and co-workers [33–35]. Once a sensory signal is initially transmitted from the MGB to the cortex, further activity in the MGB (and other corticofugal targets [39]) is markedly modified by feedback from the activated regions of cortex. The activati ...
spiking neuron models - Assets - Cambridge
... The site where the axon of a presynaptic neuron makes contact with the dendrite (or soma) of a postsynaptic cell is the synapse. The most common type of synapse in the vertebrate brain is a chemical synapse. At a chemical synapse, the axon terminal comes very close to the postsynaptic neuron, leavin ...
... The site where the axon of a presynaptic neuron makes contact with the dendrite (or soma) of a postsynaptic cell is the synapse. The most common type of synapse in the vertebrate brain is a chemical synapse. At a chemical synapse, the axon terminal comes very close to the postsynaptic neuron, leavin ...
On the Prediction Methods Using Neural Networks
... neuron basically sums the signal from its inputs multiplying them with the correspondent weights; if the result exceeds the threshold the neuron fires and a signal is transmitted at the output by a transfer function. The main idea is that the network to adapt the weights in order to give the desired ...
... neuron basically sums the signal from its inputs multiplying them with the correspondent weights; if the result exceeds the threshold the neuron fires and a signal is transmitted at the output by a transfer function. The main idea is that the network to adapt the weights in order to give the desired ...
Some insights into computational models of (patho)physiological
... its functions offers a great challenge to biological and physical sciences. Neurobiological research yields new and detailed knowledge at a very high rate but it is becoming clear that to understand how the brain works it is not enough to accumulate continuously more and more facts. In order to acqu ...
... its functions offers a great challenge to biological and physical sciences. Neurobiological research yields new and detailed knowledge at a very high rate but it is becoming clear that to understand how the brain works it is not enough to accumulate continuously more and more facts. In order to acqu ...
Harding, G. W. and A. L. Towe. 1995. Neuron Response to Direct
... neuron, and the existence of both early and late discharges in the same neuron suggests that input from different routes converges onto the same neuron. The late responses from 10 to 12 ms occurred at a time which is consistent with the second negative potential of the DCR and those from 20 to 33 ms ...
... neuron, and the existence of both early and late discharges in the same neuron suggests that input from different routes converges onto the same neuron. The late responses from 10 to 12 ms occurred at a time which is consistent with the second negative potential of the DCR and those from 20 to 33 ms ...
Artificial Neuron Network Implementation of Boolean Logic Gates by
... problems that can't easily be quantified into an algorithm; however these tasks are insignificant to humans. The key to Artificial Neural Networks is that their design enables them to process information in a similar way to our own biological brains, by drawing inspiration from how our own nervous s ...
... problems that can't easily be quantified into an algorithm; however these tasks are insignificant to humans. The key to Artificial Neural Networks is that their design enables them to process information in a similar way to our own biological brains, by drawing inspiration from how our own nervous s ...
File
... goal-oriented, human mirror neuron networks are stimulated in response to actions which are apparently meaningless, indicating a tendency to spontaneously model any and all movements by others (Giacomo Rizzolatti, Fogassi, & Gallese, 2001). Humans as Natural Modellers These fascinating findings of c ...
... goal-oriented, human mirror neuron networks are stimulated in response to actions which are apparently meaningless, indicating a tendency to spontaneously model any and all movements by others (Giacomo Rizzolatti, Fogassi, & Gallese, 2001). Humans as Natural Modellers These fascinating findings of c ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.