Inferring functional connections between neurons
... allowed neuroscientists to begin to answer this question for a wide variety of signals ranging from fMRI and PET imaging to simultaneous recordings of many single neurons [1–3,4,5]. In this review we focus on the ideas underlying new techniques for the inference of functional connectivity from spik ...
... allowed neuroscientists to begin to answer this question for a wide variety of signals ranging from fMRI and PET imaging to simultaneous recordings of many single neurons [1–3,4,5]. In this review we focus on the ideas underlying new techniques for the inference of functional connectivity from spik ...
neural basis of deciding, choosing and acting
... fields in a very precise topographic map of the visual field; they respond preferentially to stimuli of different orientation, colour, direction of motion, stereoscopic depth, and so on. Outputs from the primary visual cortex innervate secondary and tertiary areas that project to other visual areas ...
... fields in a very precise topographic map of the visual field; they respond preferentially to stimuli of different orientation, colour, direction of motion, stereoscopic depth, and so on. Outputs from the primary visual cortex innervate secondary and tertiary areas that project to other visual areas ...
Decision Making: Hitting an uncertain target | eLife
... high levels of activity in the PMd neurons representing directions other than the selected direction when the uncertainty was high: this suggests that, during decision making, the dorsal premotor cortex represents all directions that might be correct, each weighted by its probability of success. Aga ...
... high levels of activity in the PMd neurons representing directions other than the selected direction when the uncertainty was high: this suggests that, during decision making, the dorsal premotor cortex represents all directions that might be correct, each weighted by its probability of success. Aga ...
Slide () - AccessAnesthesiology
... Schematic wiring diagram of the basal ganglia. The striatum is the principal input structure of the basal ganglia and receives excitatory glutamatergic input from many areas of cerebral cortex. The striatum contains projection neurons expressing predominantly D1 or D2 dopamine receptors, as well as ...
... Schematic wiring diagram of the basal ganglia. The striatum is the principal input structure of the basal ganglia and receives excitatory glutamatergic input from many areas of cerebral cortex. The striatum contains projection neurons expressing predominantly D1 or D2 dopamine receptors, as well as ...
Infant Sleep: A Precursor to Adult Sleep?
... performer’s mistakes in note and pitch until she masters the tune. It’s thought that birdsong serves multiple purposes—staking a territorial claim, for example, and attracting a mate—though precisely how the song relates to fitness is still an open question. Whether inducing the type of exploratory ...
... performer’s mistakes in note and pitch until she masters the tune. It’s thought that birdsong serves multiple purposes—staking a territorial claim, for example, and attracting a mate—though precisely how the song relates to fitness is still an open question. Whether inducing the type of exploratory ...
Local integration 2
... activity is happening, but how it is happening • Requires calibrating imaging data with data about neural activity Cognitive Science José Luis Bermúdez / Cambridge University Press 2010 ...
... activity is happening, but how it is happening • Requires calibrating imaging data with data about neural activity Cognitive Science José Luis Bermúdez / Cambridge University Press 2010 ...
Memory fields of neurons in the primate prefrontal cortex
... for complex stimuli that resemble the objects monkeys encounter in their experiences outside the neurophysiological laboratory (14, 15). Little is known about how or whether PF neurons convey their spatial attributes. The PF cortex plays an important role in a variety of functions critical for compl ...
... for complex stimuli that resemble the objects monkeys encounter in their experiences outside the neurophysiological laboratory (14, 15). Little is known about how or whether PF neurons convey their spatial attributes. The PF cortex plays an important role in a variety of functions critical for compl ...
Do neurons generate monopolar current sources?
... As a consequence, when ionic channels open (such as the postsynaptic currents indicated in Fig. 1), the setting of extracellular current and return current will not be instantaneous, and there will be a transient time during which charges will accumulate in the postsynaptic region. During this trans ...
... As a consequence, when ionic channels open (such as the postsynaptic currents indicated in Fig. 1), the setting of extracellular current and return current will not be instantaneous, and there will be a transient time during which charges will accumulate in the postsynaptic region. During this trans ...
Lecture 27 Powerpoint File
... • Some evidence supports a theory (speculation?) that a dysfunction of the MNS underlies social isolation disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) – Some structural abnormalities – MEG data shows abnormal propagation of signals in the MNS when imitating lip movements in individuals with Aspe ...
... • Some evidence supports a theory (speculation?) that a dysfunction of the MNS underlies social isolation disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) – Some structural abnormalities – MEG data shows abnormal propagation of signals in the MNS when imitating lip movements in individuals with Aspe ...
quality of in vivo electrical measurements inside an mri magnet
... the brain, new brain diagnostic tools, and cures for certain brain disorders, such as epilepsy, several measurement and imagining methods are in everyday use [4,5,6]. Electrophysiological measurements have been used as a straightforward indicator of neuronal activation and inactivation in the brain. ...
... the brain, new brain diagnostic tools, and cures for certain brain disorders, such as epilepsy, several measurement and imagining methods are in everyday use [4,5,6]. Electrophysiological measurements have been used as a straightforward indicator of neuronal activation and inactivation in the brain. ...
What We Can and What We Can`t Do with fMRI
... Similar dissociations between spiking activity and the hemodynamic response had been demonstrated in earlier and very recent studies using other techniques (Mathiesen et al., 1998; Viswanathan and Freeman, ...
... Similar dissociations between spiking activity and the hemodynamic response had been demonstrated in earlier and very recent studies using other techniques (Mathiesen et al., 1998; Viswanathan and Freeman, ...
Challenges of understanding brain function by selective modulation
... penultimate stages of motor processing, most networks in the brain cannot be approximated by a feedforward structure. Higher brain areas exhibit more recurrency for which it is non-trivial to reveal the specific activity patterns that implement a presumed function and to identify the elements involv ...
... penultimate stages of motor processing, most networks in the brain cannot be approximated by a feedforward structure. Higher brain areas exhibit more recurrency for which it is non-trivial to reveal the specific activity patterns that implement a presumed function and to identify the elements involv ...
Reaching for the brain: stimulating neural activity as the big leap in
... trials—for its success in peripheral nerve regeneration, where electrical stimulation is a well-known treatment to promote neural regeneration and functional recovery (5,6). The molecular mechanism of this stimulated peripheral nerve regeneration is believed to largely revolve around an elevation of ...
... trials—for its success in peripheral nerve regeneration, where electrical stimulation is a well-known treatment to promote neural regeneration and functional recovery (5,6). The molecular mechanism of this stimulated peripheral nerve regeneration is believed to largely revolve around an elevation of ...
Connectionism - Birkbeck, University of London
... fields of Artificial Intelligence, Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology, and Philosophy of Mind. As a theoretical movement in Cognitive Science, Connectionism suggests that cognitive phenomena can be explained with respect to a set of general information-processing principles, known as Parallel Distri ...
... fields of Artificial Intelligence, Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology, and Philosophy of Mind. As a theoretical movement in Cognitive Science, Connectionism suggests that cognitive phenomena can be explained with respect to a set of general information-processing principles, known as Parallel Distri ...
Stochastic Modeling the Tripartite Synapse and Applications
... Motivations: Similarly to a network of electronic communication devices, neurons are able to gather inputs coming from other cells, process these inputs according to its own physiological characteristics and produce a response which is forwarded to adjacent neurons in the network. In this respect, t ...
... Motivations: Similarly to a network of electronic communication devices, neurons are able to gather inputs coming from other cells, process these inputs according to its own physiological characteristics and produce a response which is forwarded to adjacent neurons in the network. In this respect, t ...
Neurons and Neurotransmitters
... Myelin Sheath: a layer of fatty cells encasing the fibers of many axons which allows faster transmission speeds in neurons. ...
... Myelin Sheath: a layer of fatty cells encasing the fibers of many axons which allows faster transmission speeds in neurons. ...
Drivers and modulators from push-pull and balanced synaptic input
... constant, and !(x) is a step function that takes the value 1 if x>0 and zero otherwise. Equation 1 gives the firing rate in terms of an input current, or equivalently the effective steady-state potential it produces. This formula is valid in the absence of ‘‘noise’’, which means non-variable synapti ...
... constant, and !(x) is a step function that takes the value 1 if x>0 and zero otherwise. Equation 1 gives the firing rate in terms of an input current, or equivalently the effective steady-state potential it produces. This formula is valid in the absence of ‘‘noise’’, which means non-variable synapti ...
Digital Selection and Analogue Amplification Coexist in a cortex-inspired silicon circuit
... When we changed the amplitude of the background, the population response remained at the same location with much the same shape in Fig. 2a, but with an amplitude that varied with background amplitude in an approximately linear way (Fig. 2b). Thus, the background modulated the amplitude of the tuning ...
... When we changed the amplitude of the background, the population response remained at the same location with much the same shape in Fig. 2a, but with an amplitude that varied with background amplitude in an approximately linear way (Fig. 2b). Thus, the background modulated the amplitude of the tuning ...
11th International Conference Advances in Pneumology Cologne
... microinjection represented fiber populations providing excitatory drive into expiratory neurons at 2 levels (DLH1 - more synaptic connections with lower synaptic strength and DLH2 - less synaptic connections with higher synaptic strength). Our simulations manifested high level of analogy with cough ...
... microinjection represented fiber populations providing excitatory drive into expiratory neurons at 2 levels (DLH1 - more synaptic connections with lower synaptic strength and DLH2 - less synaptic connections with higher synaptic strength). Our simulations manifested high level of analogy with cough ...
Biopsychology Revision
... An action potential occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body. The action potential is an explosion of electrical activity - this means that some event (a stimulus) causes the resting potential to move forward ...
... An action potential occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body. The action potential is an explosion of electrical activity - this means that some event (a stimulus) causes the resting potential to move forward ...
Dynamic Range Analysis of HH Model for Excitable Neurons
... Brain exercises control over other organs of the body. This complex control process, is completed in steps which involves commands issued to the muscles to execute movements, receipt of feedback from sensors reporting the actual state of the musculature & skeletal elements, and inputs from the sense ...
... Brain exercises control over other organs of the body. This complex control process, is completed in steps which involves commands issued to the muscles to execute movements, receipt of feedback from sensors reporting the actual state of the musculature & skeletal elements, and inputs from the sense ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.