Encoding of Action History in the Rat Ventral Striatum
... figure-8-shaped maze indicated by the visual cue. The overall dimension of the maze was 90 ⫻ 50 cm, and the width of the track was 9 –13 cm. It was elevated 40 cm from the floor with 5 cm high walls along the entire track. The visual cue was delivered by one of the two green light-emitting diodes (d ...
... figure-8-shaped maze indicated by the visual cue. The overall dimension of the maze was 90 ⫻ 50 cm, and the width of the track was 9 –13 cm. It was elevated 40 cm from the floor with 5 cm high walls along the entire track. The visual cue was delivered by one of the two green light-emitting diodes (d ...
Neuronal Calcium Signaling Review
... 1996). Calcium release in cardiac cells is mediated by the type 2 RYR, which is the predominant isoform found in the brain. In cardiac cells, these RYR2 channels are closely apposed to the Ca21 channels in the plasma membrane across the 15 nm junctional gap that separates the sarcolemma from the sar ...
... 1996). Calcium release in cardiac cells is mediated by the type 2 RYR, which is the predominant isoform found in the brain. In cardiac cells, these RYR2 channels are closely apposed to the Ca21 channels in the plasma membrane across the 15 nm junctional gap that separates the sarcolemma from the sar ...
James Robertson
... Sleep homeostatic response not influenced by means of SD Not affected by level of arousal Rather, means of SD affected subsequent arousal CC reduced latency to sleep to control levels Delta power similar to GH SD DNM1-mediated regulation of presynaptic endocytosis and the level of arousa ...
... Sleep homeostatic response not influenced by means of SD Not affected by level of arousal Rather, means of SD affected subsequent arousal CC reduced latency to sleep to control levels Delta power similar to GH SD DNM1-mediated regulation of presynaptic endocytosis and the level of arousa ...
A Brief History of the Reticular Formation
... always release a specific motor response. Lorentz was the first to propose this concept in a 1935 German paper but not until 1948 and 1951 did Tinbergen introduce this concept to the English speaking world. The region of the brain actually stimulated by von Holst and von Saint-Paul involved the whol ...
... always release a specific motor response. Lorentz was the first to propose this concept in a 1935 German paper but not until 1948 and 1951 did Tinbergen introduce this concept to the English speaking world. The region of the brain actually stimulated by von Holst and von Saint-Paul involved the whol ...
Lecture 26-BasalGanglia
... 1. Dopamine pathway: from substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen. 2. Gama amino butyric acid pathway from caudate nucleus and putamen to globus pallidus and substantia nigra. 3. Acetylcholine pathway from cortex to the caudate nucleus to putamen. 4. Glutamate that provide the excitatory sig ...
... 1. Dopamine pathway: from substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen. 2. Gama amino butyric acid pathway from caudate nucleus and putamen to globus pallidus and substantia nigra. 3. Acetylcholine pathway from cortex to the caudate nucleus to putamen. 4. Glutamate that provide the excitatory sig ...
Neuronal Processing of Chemical Information in Crustaceans Chapter 7
... homogeneous, exclusively occur on the outer flagellum of the antennules, and represent olfactory sensilla corresponding to those of insects in ultrastructure. Hence, we will use the term olfactory receptor neurons – ORNs – for the CRNs they contain. The dichotomy in the structure of crustacean sensi ...
... homogeneous, exclusively occur on the outer flagellum of the antennules, and represent olfactory sensilla corresponding to those of insects in ultrastructure. Hence, we will use the term olfactory receptor neurons – ORNs – for the CRNs they contain. The dichotomy in the structure of crustacean sensi ...
chapt13_lectureS
... – quadriplegia – paralysis of all four limbs – respiratory paralysis, loss of sensation or motor control – disorders of bladder, bowel and sexual function ...
... – quadriplegia – paralysis of all four limbs – respiratory paralysis, loss of sensation or motor control – disorders of bladder, bowel and sexual function ...
Ventral Intraparietal Area of the Macaque: Anatomic Location and
... toward the animal. The absolute direction of visual motion was not as important for these cells as the trajectory of the stimulus: the best stimulus was one moving toward a particular point on the face from any direction. 6. VIP neurons were not active in relation to saccadic eye movements. Some neu ...
... toward the animal. The absolute direction of visual motion was not as important for these cells as the trajectory of the stimulus: the best stimulus was one moving toward a particular point on the face from any direction. 6. VIP neurons were not active in relation to saccadic eye movements. Some neu ...
Lab 2. Medulla - Stritch School of Medicine
... • deep cerebellar nuclei - receive inputs from the cerebellar cortex and give rise to cerebellar outputs to the brain stem and thalamus – most cerebellar efferents course through the superior cerebellar peduncle. ...
... • deep cerebellar nuclei - receive inputs from the cerebellar cortex and give rise to cerebellar outputs to the brain stem and thalamus – most cerebellar efferents course through the superior cerebellar peduncle. ...
The functional role of GABA and glycine in monaural and binaural
... The IC of bats has been studied extensively in neurophysiological and neuroanatomical research (review: Pollak and Casseday 1989). Single unit recordings in the IC have shown that the excitatory tuning curves are flanked by lateral inhibitory sidebands (M611er 1978; Suga 1969; Suga and Schlegel 1973 ...
... The IC of bats has been studied extensively in neurophysiological and neuroanatomical research (review: Pollak and Casseday 1989). Single unit recordings in the IC have shown that the excitatory tuning curves are flanked by lateral inhibitory sidebands (M611er 1978; Suga 1969; Suga and Schlegel 1973 ...
Acetylcholine - American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
... and attention in the brain (1). Cholinergic transmission can occur through muscarinic (G protein-coupled) or nicotinic (ionotropic) receptors and is terminated by the action of cholinesterases. Seventeen different subunits of the nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) (2) and five different subtypes of the ...
... and attention in the brain (1). Cholinergic transmission can occur through muscarinic (G protein-coupled) or nicotinic (ionotropic) receptors and is terminated by the action of cholinesterases. Seventeen different subunits of the nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) (2) and five different subtypes of the ...
Frontal Eye Fields - Psychological Sciences
... [8]. It is also crucial to note that the neural signals occurring in FEF coincide with identical signals occurring in a network of interconnected structures including the superior colliculus and posterior parietal cortex. In macaque monkeys trained to shift gaze to the oddball target in visual searc ...
... [8]. It is also crucial to note that the neural signals occurring in FEF coincide with identical signals occurring in a network of interconnected structures including the superior colliculus and posterior parietal cortex. In macaque monkeys trained to shift gaze to the oddball target in visual searc ...
Cranial Nerves
... Innervates 4 extraocular muscles and functions in most eye movements Contains parasympathetic which innervates pupillary constrictor muscles and ciliary muscle of lens. ...
... Innervates 4 extraocular muscles and functions in most eye movements Contains parasympathetic which innervates pupillary constrictor muscles and ciliary muscle of lens. ...
Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system
... of the Lepob/ob mice by approximately 50% (ref. 27). Fasting potently upregulates levels of AgRP and NPY mRNA (5–10×) and modestly decreases POMC mRNA levels (20–50%), and leptin replacement to pre-fasting levels normalizes expression of these genes28–30. Before the discovery of leptin as the princi ...
... of the Lepob/ob mice by approximately 50% (ref. 27). Fasting potently upregulates levels of AgRP and NPY mRNA (5–10×) and modestly decreases POMC mRNA levels (20–50%), and leptin replacement to pre-fasting levels normalizes expression of these genes28–30. Before the discovery of leptin as the princi ...
The Switch of Subthalamic Neurons From an Irregular to a Bursting
... Council directive (86/609/EEC), and complied with rules set forth in the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (publication 80-23). All animals were housed in standard conditions (21 1°C, food and water ad libitum), and all experiments were performed during t ...
... Council directive (86/609/EEC), and complied with rules set forth in the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (publication 80-23). All animals were housed in standard conditions (21 1°C, food and water ad libitum), and all experiments were performed during t ...
The Role of Dopamine in Locomotor ... 173
... These experiments can be separated into two broad categories based on the phenomena studied: those concerned primarily with locomotor activity; and those involving a possible role for DA in learning processes. As reviewed below, it appears that DA is importantly involved in both locomotor activity a ...
... These experiments can be separated into two broad categories based on the phenomena studied: those concerned primarily with locomotor activity; and those involving a possible role for DA in learning processes. As reviewed below, it appears that DA is importantly involved in both locomotor activity a ...
Constraints on Somatotopic Organization in the Primary Motor Cortex
... Schieber, Marc H. Constraints on somatotopic organization in the primary motor cortex. J Neurophysiol 86: 2125–2143, 2001. Since the 1870s, the primary motor cortex (M1) has been known to have a somatotopic organization, with different regions of cortex participating in control of face, arm, and leg ...
... Schieber, Marc H. Constraints on somatotopic organization in the primary motor cortex. J Neurophysiol 86: 2125–2143, 2001. Since the 1870s, the primary motor cortex (M1) has been known to have a somatotopic organization, with different regions of cortex participating in control of face, arm, and leg ...
Changes in Monoamine Release in the Ventral Horn and
... possibly other cranial motoneurons had a different mechanism of motor inhibition than spinal motoneurons. They suggested that hypoglossal motoneurons were not subject to glycinergic inhibition but were inactivated by a reduction in serotonin (5-HT) release during REM sleep (Kubin et al., 1993). Ther ...
... possibly other cranial motoneurons had a different mechanism of motor inhibition than spinal motoneurons. They suggested that hypoglossal motoneurons were not subject to glycinergic inhibition but were inactivated by a reduction in serotonin (5-HT) release during REM sleep (Kubin et al., 1993). Ther ...
A population density approach that facilitates slow inhibitory synapses
... We were motivated to embellish and extend the population density methods because the instantaneous synaptic conductance approximation is not justified for some inhibitory synapses. Most inhibition in the cortex is mediated by the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) via GABAA or GABAB recepto ...
... We were motivated to embellish and extend the population density methods because the instantaneous synaptic conductance approximation is not justified for some inhibitory synapses. Most inhibition in the cortex is mediated by the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) via GABAA or GABAB recepto ...