Specific function of a plastid sigma factor for ndhF
... Its activity is regulated by nucleus-encoded sigma-type transcription initiation factors (6,7). NEP enzymes are constitutively expressed (8) and perform overall transcription of the whole plastid genome (9). In photosynthetically active tissues this basic overall transcriptional activity is overlaid ...
... Its activity is regulated by nucleus-encoded sigma-type transcription initiation factors (6,7). NEP enzymes are constitutively expressed (8) and perform overall transcription of the whole plastid genome (9). In photosynthetically active tissues this basic overall transcriptional activity is overlaid ...
The Plant Cell
... 2002). miRNAs that have a significant number of mismatches and bulges when aligned to their targets are predicted to cause translational regulation, as in the cases of lin-4 and let-7. On the other hand, a miRNA with perfect or nearly perfect complementarity with its target is predicted to cause RNA ...
... 2002). miRNAs that have a significant number of mismatches and bulges when aligned to their targets are predicted to cause translational regulation, as in the cases of lin-4 and let-7. On the other hand, a miRNA with perfect or nearly perfect complementarity with its target is predicted to cause RNA ...
Molecular Determinants of Alphavirus Neurovirulence: Nucleotide
... the 6K protein and in the non-coding region preceding the beginning of the 26S RNA. The nucleotide sequences encoding the capsid and E3 proteins of the two viruses are identical. To ascertain whether the differences between the TC-83 and T R D cDNAs reflect differences in their respective genomic RN ...
... the 6K protein and in the non-coding region preceding the beginning of the 26S RNA. The nucleotide sequences encoding the capsid and E3 proteins of the two viruses are identical. To ascertain whether the differences between the TC-83 and T R D cDNAs reflect differences in their respective genomic RN ...
msc_botnay_pre_pap1_bl2
... The histone proteins, which are integral parts of nucleosome undergo a variety of modifications to bring about decondensation of chromatin, to allow access of DNA replication or transcription machinery to naked DNA. These modifications include ubiquitination, acetylation, methylation and phosphoryl ...
... The histone proteins, which are integral parts of nucleosome undergo a variety of modifications to bring about decondensation of chromatin, to allow access of DNA replication or transcription machinery to naked DNA. These modifications include ubiquitination, acetylation, methylation and phosphoryl ...
DNA and Genes - Buckeye Valley
... The first amino acid is detached from its tRNA and is joined to the second amino acid by a peptide bond. The ribosome moves one codon farther along the mRNA strand; the first tRNA ...
... The first amino acid is detached from its tRNA and is joined to the second amino acid by a peptide bond. The ribosome moves one codon farther along the mRNA strand; the first tRNA ...
1. Introduction Organisms are made up of the sum of their genes and
... variants known, which are functional to a lower extent. The most common variant is AUUAAA (Chen and Shyu, 1995). Another sequence element is the downstream element (DSE). It is weakly conserved and contains a short U-rich sequence and / or a GU-rich motif (Gil and Proudfoot, 1984; Hart et al., 1985a ...
... variants known, which are functional to a lower extent. The most common variant is AUUAAA (Chen and Shyu, 1995). Another sequence element is the downstream element (DSE). It is weakly conserved and contains a short U-rich sequence and / or a GU-rich motif (Gil and Proudfoot, 1984; Hart et al., 1985a ...
Differential Gene Expression in the Gastrula of Xenopus Laevis
... DG Clones and r5 (probes) hybridized to Gastrula RNA Lane 42 proof of possible nuclear precursor molecules (in kilobases) ...
... DG Clones and r5 (probes) hybridized to Gastrula RNA Lane 42 proof of possible nuclear precursor molecules (in kilobases) ...
Using the Hepatitis C Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase as a
... size and secondary structure depending on the specific requirements for replication in a given virus (i.e., replicating single- or double-stranded RNA/DNA genomes). The fingers and thumb domains of different polymerases have similar positions with respect to the palm, which contains the active site ...
... size and secondary structure depending on the specific requirements for replication in a given virus (i.e., replicating single- or double-stranded RNA/DNA genomes). The fingers and thumb domains of different polymerases have similar positions with respect to the palm, which contains the active site ...
Foundations of Biology - Geoscience Research Institute
... cells all the time. These continually expressed genes are called constitutive genes. Other genes are only needed by certain cells or at specific times. The expression of these inducible genes is tightly controlled. For example, pancreas beta cells make the protein insulin by expressing the insul ...
... cells all the time. These continually expressed genes are called constitutive genes. Other genes are only needed by certain cells or at specific times. The expression of these inducible genes is tightly controlled. For example, pancreas beta cells make the protein insulin by expressing the insul ...
From Genes to Proteins
... on the gene being expressed. When a cell needs a particular protein, it is messenger RNA that is made. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a form of RNA that carries the instructions for making a protein from a gene and delivers it to the site of translation. The information is translated from the language of R ...
... on the gene being expressed. When a cell needs a particular protein, it is messenger RNA that is made. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a form of RNA that carries the instructions for making a protein from a gene and delivers it to the site of translation. The information is translated from the language of R ...
Phylogenetic Affinity of Mitochondria of Euglena
... RNA molecules called guide RNAs mediate the uridine insertion/deletion type of RNA editing (Simpson et al. 1993). It is known that these guide RNA molecules can be capped in vitro with guanylyl transferase and GTP (Blum and Simpson 1990). To search for similar RNA species in E. gracilis mitochondria ...
... RNA molecules called guide RNAs mediate the uridine insertion/deletion type of RNA editing (Simpson et al. 1993). It is known that these guide RNA molecules can be capped in vitro with guanylyl transferase and GTP (Blum and Simpson 1990). To search for similar RNA species in E. gracilis mitochondria ...
From gene to protein in higher plant mitochondria
... have yielded in vitro as well as in vivo data demonstrating that three such single-subunit enzymes are coded by the nuclear genome, one of each being targeted to plastids and mitochondria and the third being imported into both organelles [28–30]. In the monocots maize and wheat similar mitochondrial ...
... have yielded in vitro as well as in vivo data demonstrating that three such single-subunit enzymes are coded by the nuclear genome, one of each being targeted to plastids and mitochondria and the third being imported into both organelles [28–30]. In the monocots maize and wheat similar mitochondrial ...
Practice exam 2 key
... You are studying an inversion heterozygote. The order of genes along one homolog is centromere – A – B – D – E – F The order of genes along the other homolog is centromere – A – E – D – B – F a) Assuming that the first homolog is the normal chromosome, draw an arrow(s) at that breakpoint(s) that gav ...
... You are studying an inversion heterozygote. The order of genes along one homolog is centromere – A – B – D – E – F The order of genes along the other homolog is centromere – A – E – D – B – F a) Assuming that the first homolog is the normal chromosome, draw an arrow(s) at that breakpoint(s) that gav ...
Connections between mRNA 3( end processing and transcription
... robust crosslinking of polyadenylation factors normally seen at 30 ends of genes is no longer observed in strains lacking Ctk1 [10]. Third, in vivo inhibition of Cdk9 in Drosophila cells leads to defects in polyadenylation [17]. Finally, in vitro binding of Pcf11 (a subunit of the yeast polyadenyl ...
... robust crosslinking of polyadenylation factors normally seen at 30 ends of genes is no longer observed in strains lacking Ctk1 [10]. Third, in vivo inhibition of Cdk9 in Drosophila cells leads to defects in polyadenylation [17]. Finally, in vitro binding of Pcf11 (a subunit of the yeast polyadenyl ...
Molecular Mechanisms of Long Noncoding RNAs
... Numerous lncRNAs were found to be transcribed from within the human HOX clusters (Rinn et al., 2007) that were expressed in a temporal and site-specific fashion. The lncRNAs were found to be also collinear with the overall anatomic expression pattern of the HOX loci, implying that they probably used ...
... Numerous lncRNAs were found to be transcribed from within the human HOX clusters (Rinn et al., 2007) that were expressed in a temporal and site-specific fashion. The lncRNAs were found to be also collinear with the overall anatomic expression pattern of the HOX loci, implying that they probably used ...
Giant chromosomes
... • The paired chromosomes of oocytes in meiosis consist of numerous chromatin loops arranged along an axis . Chiasma formation is visible at various locations. • Each segment of a lampbrush chromosome consists of a series of chromatin loops, originating from an axis and a condensed structure, the chr ...
... • The paired chromosomes of oocytes in meiosis consist of numerous chromatin loops arranged along an axis . Chiasma formation is visible at various locations. • Each segment of a lampbrush chromosome consists of a series of chromatin loops, originating from an axis and a condensed structure, the chr ...
Chpt11_TxnPromoters.doc
... b. DNase footprint analysis DNase I will cut at many (but not all) phosphodiester bonds in the free DNA. The protein-DNA complex is treated lightly with DNase I, so that on average each DNA molecule is cleaved once. The presence of a bound protein will block access of the DNase, and the bound region ...
... b. DNase footprint analysis DNase I will cut at many (but not all) phosphodiester bonds in the free DNA. The protein-DNA complex is treated lightly with DNase I, so that on average each DNA molecule is cleaved once. The presence of a bound protein will block access of the DNase, and the bound region ...
Figure 2 - GEP Community Server
... Note that introns are removed during this process and adjacent exons are brought together in the mRNA message After mRNA processing, the mature mRNA (tra-RA) can now exit the nucleus so that it can be translated into a protein (tra-PA) by the cytoplasmic ribosomes. ...
... Note that introns are removed during this process and adjacent exons are brought together in the mRNA message After mRNA processing, the mature mRNA (tra-RA) can now exit the nucleus so that it can be translated into a protein (tra-PA) by the cytoplasmic ribosomes. ...
module 3: transcription part ii
... • Note that introns are removed during this process and adjacent exons are brought together in the mRNA message After mRNA processing, the mature mRNA (tra-RA) can now exit the nucleus so that it can be translated into a protein (tra-PA) by the cytoplasmic ribosomes. ...
... • Note that introns are removed during this process and adjacent exons are brought together in the mRNA message After mRNA processing, the mature mRNA (tra-RA) can now exit the nucleus so that it can be translated into a protein (tra-PA) by the cytoplasmic ribosomes. ...
[Frontiers in Bioscience 19, 1117
... by Pattee (3), the degree and type of order found in genetic information cannot be explained solely as the accumulation of evolutionary wisdom resulting from the action of natural selection on self-replicating systems, because the biological process of replication is itself dependent on the preexist ...
... by Pattee (3), the degree and type of order found in genetic information cannot be explained solely as the accumulation of evolutionary wisdom resulting from the action of natural selection on self-replicating systems, because the biological process of replication is itself dependent on the preexist ...
form/activity - Science of Security
... Getting it (W)right, 1901 • “We know how to construct airplanes.” (lift and drag) • “..and to build engines.” (propulsion) • “Inability to balance/steer [is the] problem.” (control) • “When this one feature has been worked out, the age of flying will have arrived, for all other difficulties are of ...
... Getting it (W)right, 1901 • “We know how to construct airplanes.” (lift and drag) • “..and to build engines.” (propulsion) • “Inability to balance/steer [is the] problem.” (control) • “When this one feature has been worked out, the age of flying will have arrived, for all other difficulties are of ...
Chapter 10 - Everglades High School
... • Traits, such as eye color, are determined by proteins that are built according to instructions coded in DNA. • Proteins, however, are not built directly from DNA. Ribonucleic acid is also involved. • Like DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid, a molecule made of nucleotides linked together ...
... • Traits, such as eye color, are determined by proteins that are built according to instructions coded in DNA. • Proteins, however, are not built directly from DNA. Ribonucleic acid is also involved. • Like DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid, a molecule made of nucleotides linked together ...
unit II - SP College
... in the lumen of the digestive system by nucleosidases into nucleobases and ribose or deoxyribose. ...
... in the lumen of the digestive system by nucleosidases into nucleobases and ribose or deoxyribose. ...
1st set of Journal Clubs this Wednesday!
... Prediction: If protein Gilbert and Müller-Hill isolated really was the lac repressor then it should bind to the lac operator in an inducer sensitive manner (i.e. the addition of inducer should prevent the repressor from binding to the operator). Experiment: Cohn and colleagues used a nitrocellulose ...
... Prediction: If protein Gilbert and Müller-Hill isolated really was the lac repressor then it should bind to the lac operator in an inducer sensitive manner (i.e. the addition of inducer should prevent the repressor from binding to the operator). Experiment: Cohn and colleagues used a nitrocellulose ...
continued
... – Transcription of a gene produces a very long RNA strand that contains introns and exons – This long strand, which extends beyond the first and last exons, is often called precursor mRNA, or premRNA – More nucleotides are added at the beginning and end of the pre-mRNA molecule, forming a “cap” and ...
... – Transcription of a gene produces a very long RNA strand that contains introns and exons – This long strand, which extends beyond the first and last exons, is often called precursor mRNA, or premRNA – More nucleotides are added at the beginning and end of the pre-mRNA molecule, forming a “cap” and ...
RNA world
The RNA world refers to the self-replicating ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules that were precursors to all current life on Earth. It is generally accepted that current life on Earth descends from an RNA world, although RNA-based life may not have been the first life to exist.RNA stores genetic information like DNA, and catalyzes chemical reactions like an enzyme protein. It may, therefore, have played a major step in the evolution of cellular life. The RNA world would have eventually been replaced by the DNA, RNA and protein world of today, likely through an intermediate stage of ribonucleoprotein enzymes such as the ribosome and ribozymes, since proteins large enough to self-fold and have useful activities would only have come about after RNA was available to catalyze peptide ligation or amino acid polymerization. DNA is thought to have taken over the role of data storage due to its increased stability, while proteins, through a greater variety of monomers (amino acids), replaced RNA's role in specialized biocatalysis.The RNA world hypothesis is supported by many independent lines of evidence, such as the observations that RNA is central to the translation process and that small RNAs can catalyze all of the chemical group and information transfers required for life. The structure of the ribosome has been called the ""smoking gun,"" as it showed that the ribosome is a ribozyme, with a central core of RNA and no amino acid side chains within 18 angstroms of the active site where peptide bond formation is catalyzed. Many of the most critical components of cells (those that evolve the slowest) are composed mostly or entirely of RNA. Also, many critical cofactors (ATP, Acetyl-CoA, NADH, etc.) are either nucleotides or substances clearly related to them. This would mean that the RNA and nucleotide cofactors in modern cells are an evolutionary remnant of an RNA-based enzymatic system that preceded the protein-based one seen in all extant life.Evidence suggests chemical conditions (including the presence of boron, molybdenum and oxygen) for initially producing RNA molecules may have been better on the planet Mars than those on the planet Earth. If so, life-suitable molecules, originating on Mars, may have later migrated to Earth via panspermia or similar process.