Document
... there are two fundamental processes involved in the fabrication of proteins. The first such process is transcription and it consists of copying the genomic DNA into a messenger RNA of identical sequence. Both, the genomic DNA and the messenger RNA use an alphabet of four letters which makes direct c ...
... there are two fundamental processes involved in the fabrication of proteins. The first such process is transcription and it consists of copying the genomic DNA into a messenger RNA of identical sequence. Both, the genomic DNA and the messenger RNA use an alphabet of four letters which makes direct c ...
HW4_final
... Transcription Factors (which usually bind double-stranded DNA) and compete with the natural promoter of a gene which is regulated by that Transcription Factor. This is another elegant way by which the cell can regulate the gene expression. To-date there are only very few known examples of lncRNA tha ...
... Transcription Factors (which usually bind double-stranded DNA) and compete with the natural promoter of a gene which is regulated by that Transcription Factor. This is another elegant way by which the cell can regulate the gene expression. To-date there are only very few known examples of lncRNA tha ...
Inhibition of RNA Synthesis by Anthracycline Analogs
... of anthracyclines in the treatment of leukemias and other forms of cancer. The biological and pharmacological activities of these drugs appear to be, at least in part, due to their ability to interact with DNA. ...
... of anthracyclines in the treatment of leukemias and other forms of cancer. The biological and pharmacological activities of these drugs appear to be, at least in part, due to their ability to interact with DNA. ...
Review over DNA, RNA, proteins, viruses, bacteria, DNA technology
... 3.B.1.b. Both positive and negative control mechanisms regulate gene expression in bacteria and viruses. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. Regulatory proteins stimulate gene expression by binding to DNA and stimulating transcription (positive c ...
... 3.B.1.b. Both positive and negative control mechanisms regulate gene expression in bacteria and viruses. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. Regulatory proteins stimulate gene expression by binding to DNA and stimulating transcription (positive c ...
Virp1 Is a Host Protein with a Major Role in Potato - IMBB
... Viroids are small, circular, single-stranded RNA molecules that, while not coding for any protein, cause several plant diseases. Viroids rely for their infectious cycle on host proteins, most of which are likely to be involved in endogenous RNA-mediated phenomena. Therefore, characterization of host ...
... Viroids are small, circular, single-stranded RNA molecules that, while not coding for any protein, cause several plant diseases. Viroids rely for their infectious cycle on host proteins, most of which are likely to be involved in endogenous RNA-mediated phenomena. Therefore, characterization of host ...
Transcripts of the MHM region on the chicken Z chromosome
... mammalian Y chromosome which triggers the differentiation of testis (Sinclair et al. 1990, Gubbay et al. 1990 ), or the single dose of a gene on the Z chromosome may be important for triggering female development, on the assumption that a dosage compensation mechanism does not operate in birds (Nand ...
... mammalian Y chromosome which triggers the differentiation of testis (Sinclair et al. 1990, Gubbay et al. 1990 ), or the single dose of a gene on the Z chromosome may be important for triggering female development, on the assumption that a dosage compensation mechanism does not operate in birds (Nand ...
Higher order structural effects stabilizing the
... molecules (12). These results are consistent with experiments indicating a reduced stability of the W:W trans geometry for the G:C pair. For example, it has been shown that the introduction of G:C W:W trans base pairs in all A-T parallel strand DNA duplexes, characterized by W:W trans base pairs (31 ...
... molecules (12). These results are consistent with experiments indicating a reduced stability of the W:W trans geometry for the G:C pair. For example, it has been shown that the introduction of G:C W:W trans base pairs in all A-T parallel strand DNA duplexes, characterized by W:W trans base pairs (31 ...
Improving Virus C type 4 Interferon using Bioinformatics Techniques
... sequence of the nucleotides in the polymers where the genetic information carried by chromosomes is located. Each nucleotide is composed of three parts: (1) a nitrogenous base known as purine (adenine (A) and guanine (G)) or pyrimidine (cytosine (C) and thymine (T)); (2) a sugar, deoxyribose; and (3 ...
... sequence of the nucleotides in the polymers where the genetic information carried by chromosomes is located. Each nucleotide is composed of three parts: (1) a nitrogenous base known as purine (adenine (A) and guanine (G)) or pyrimidine (cytosine (C) and thymine (T)); (2) a sugar, deoxyribose; and (3 ...
Teacher Guide: Gene Expression. By Ann Brokaw.
... From the Author With the pace of current research, the biological sciences change incredibly fast, particularly in the fields of molecular genetics, specifically gene expression. Therefore, as a veteran biology teacher, I am constantly looking for resources that include up-to-date research, prompt ...
... From the Author With the pace of current research, the biological sciences change incredibly fast, particularly in the fields of molecular genetics, specifically gene expression. Therefore, as a veteran biology teacher, I am constantly looking for resources that include up-to-date research, prompt ...
Sequence Alignment - Bilkent University
... spliced internal exons from chromosome 22 (Hide et al. 2001), which occur in the proteincoding region, are presented as reference (darker shaded bars). Exons were considered as domain adding if their length was a multiple of three, and there was no in-frame stop codon within them. Exons were conside ...
... spliced internal exons from chromosome 22 (Hide et al. 2001), which occur in the proteincoding region, are presented as reference (darker shaded bars). Exons were considered as domain adding if their length was a multiple of three, and there was no in-frame stop codon within them. Exons were conside ...
X chromosome inactivation- Review
... Xist methylation required for silencing of Xist Dnmt KO- Male X and two female X are all inactivated because Xist gene remains on and Xist RNA coats chromosome ...
... Xist methylation required for silencing of Xist Dnmt KO- Male X and two female X are all inactivated because Xist gene remains on and Xist RNA coats chromosome ...
PPR2263, a DYW-Subgroup Pentatricopeptide
... addition to numerous experimental localizations in plastids and mitochondria, nuclear (Ding et al., 2006) or dual localization to mitochondria and nuclei (Hammani et al., 2011) has been demonstrated experimentally. Whereas PPR proteins have been implicated in a wide range of biological processes, in ...
... addition to numerous experimental localizations in plastids and mitochondria, nuclear (Ding et al., 2006) or dual localization to mitochondria and nuclei (Hammani et al., 2011) has been demonstrated experimentally. Whereas PPR proteins have been implicated in a wide range of biological processes, in ...
lac
... Glucose inhibits transcription of the lac operon, even in the presence of lactose. Inhibition occurs in lacI and lacO mutants, as well as wild type, indicating the effect of glucose is NOT via the repressor-operator interaction. ...
... Glucose inhibits transcription of the lac operon, even in the presence of lactose. Inhibition occurs in lacI and lacO mutants, as well as wild type, indicating the effect of glucose is NOT via the repressor-operator interaction. ...
Nucleotide sequence and genome organization of foot-and
... tion (18). The sequence ot 7802 nonhomopolymeric nucleotides shown in Figure 3, represents the complete primary structure ot the L segment. Assuming additional 150 bases tor poly(C) and 400 tor the S segment this corresponds to 94 % of the FMDV genome indicating that the size of the FMDV genome is a ...
... tion (18). The sequence ot 7802 nonhomopolymeric nucleotides shown in Figure 3, represents the complete primary structure ot the L segment. Assuming additional 150 bases tor poly(C) and 400 tor the S segment this corresponds to 94 % of the FMDV genome indicating that the size of the FMDV genome is a ...
Thesis-1965R-K29r
... However, only one member of the pair in any nucleus demonstrated a SAT-zone (nucleolar organizer) on its second arm and actually participated in nucleolus formation. ...
... However, only one member of the pair in any nucleus demonstrated a SAT-zone (nucleolar organizer) on its second arm and actually participated in nucleolus formation. ...
The tryptophan biosynthetic pathway
... allowing it to resume transcription. Stage 2a: When there is sufficient charged tRNATrp in the cell to allow rapid completion of synthesis of the leader peptide, the translating ribosome is released. The anti-antiterminator and terminator structures then form, promoting transcription termination. St ...
... allowing it to resume transcription. Stage 2a: When there is sufficient charged tRNATrp in the cell to allow rapid completion of synthesis of the leader peptide, the translating ribosome is released. The anti-antiterminator and terminator structures then form, promoting transcription termination. St ...
here - Genomes Unzipped
... Li et al.[1] sequenced cDNA from lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from 27 individuals whose genomes have been sequenced at low coverage [2], and identified 10,210 sites of mismatches between an individual’s mRNA and DNA sequences (RDD sites, for RNA-DNA difference). RDD sites included all possible ...
... Li et al.[1] sequenced cDNA from lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from 27 individuals whose genomes have been sequenced at low coverage [2], and identified 10,210 sites of mismatches between an individual’s mRNA and DNA sequences (RDD sites, for RNA-DNA difference). RDD sites included all possible ...
Efficient expression of ribozyme and reduction of stromelysin mRNA
... 1995) (Okada et al., 1992). Thus targeted inhibition of one or more of these proteolytic activities may be a valid therapeutic approach for arthritis. Ribozymes are RNA-based enzymes that have the ability to cleave RNA molecules in a sequence-specific manner. Sequence specificity comes from the base ...
... 1995) (Okada et al., 1992). Thus targeted inhibition of one or more of these proteolytic activities may be a valid therapeutic approach for arthritis. Ribozymes are RNA-based enzymes that have the ability to cleave RNA molecules in a sequence-specific manner. Sequence specificity comes from the base ...
Evolutionary aspects of recombination in RNA viruses
... glacial by comparison. Over the last two decades it has become increasingly clear that many RNA viruses add the capacity to exchange genetic material with one another, and to acquire genes from their hosts, to this evolutionary repertoire. So, in addition to producing prodigious amounts of the raw m ...
... glacial by comparison. Over the last two decades it has become increasingly clear that many RNA viruses add the capacity to exchange genetic material with one another, and to acquire genes from their hosts, to this evolutionary repertoire. So, in addition to producing prodigious amounts of the raw m ...
Small Nucleolar RNA
... • Loss of either the paternal or maternal copy of this region leads to two neurological disorders: Prader-Willi or Angelman ...
... • Loss of either the paternal or maternal copy of this region leads to two neurological disorders: Prader-Willi or Angelman ...
Molecular Biology of Transcription and RNA Processing
... structure of RNA versus the double-stranded structure of DNA. Despite their single-stranded structure, however, RNA molecules can, and frequently do, adopt folded secondary structures by complementary base pairing of segments of the molecule. In certain instances, folded secondary structures are ess ...
... structure of RNA versus the double-stranded structure of DNA. Despite their single-stranded structure, however, RNA molecules can, and frequently do, adopt folded secondary structures by complementary base pairing of segments of the molecule. In certain instances, folded secondary structures are ess ...
The WD40-Repeat Proteins NFC101 and NFC102
... (Koornneef et al., 1991). The fve mutants exhibit a late-flowering phenotype because they impair the recruitment of Rpd3-type histone deacetylases (HDACs) to the MADS box central floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), resulting in histone hyperacetylation and overexpression of FLC (Ausín et al., 20 ...
... (Koornneef et al., 1991). The fve mutants exhibit a late-flowering phenotype because they impair the recruitment of Rpd3-type histone deacetylases (HDACs) to the MADS box central floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), resulting in histone hyperacetylation and overexpression of FLC (Ausín et al., 20 ...
MicroRNAs: key participants in gene regulatory networks
... Four decades ago, the Central Dogma was formulated and simplified as ‘DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes protein’. As a result, RNAs have been looked as simple molecules that merely convert genetic information into protein. However, it has been estimated that although most of the genome is transcribed, al ...
... Four decades ago, the Central Dogma was formulated and simplified as ‘DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes protein’. As a result, RNAs have been looked as simple molecules that merely convert genetic information into protein. However, it has been estimated that although most of the genome is transcribed, al ...
Virginia State Science Olympiad Regional Tournament
... standard-size (8.5”x11”) double-sided sheet (not two one-side sheets) of paper containing any information, and writing implements may be used. Any other electronic devices are not allowed for this event; please consult the proctor about a safe location to store these devices for the duration of the ...
... standard-size (8.5”x11”) double-sided sheet (not two one-side sheets) of paper containing any information, and writing implements may be used. Any other electronic devices are not allowed for this event; please consult the proctor about a safe location to store these devices for the duration of the ...
Transcription regulation of the Escherichia coli pcnB gene coding for
... The major mechanism of direct ppGpp-mediated transcription regulation was proposed to be a decrease of stability of the promoter-RNA polymerase open complexes (Barker et al. 2001a, b). According to this “active model”, promoters that form unstable open complexes are inhibited by ppGpp, while those f ...
... The major mechanism of direct ppGpp-mediated transcription regulation was proposed to be a decrease of stability of the promoter-RNA polymerase open complexes (Barker et al. 2001a, b). According to this “active model”, promoters that form unstable open complexes are inhibited by ppGpp, while those f ...
RNA world
The RNA world refers to the self-replicating ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules that were precursors to all current life on Earth. It is generally accepted that current life on Earth descends from an RNA world, although RNA-based life may not have been the first life to exist.RNA stores genetic information like DNA, and catalyzes chemical reactions like an enzyme protein. It may, therefore, have played a major step in the evolution of cellular life. The RNA world would have eventually been replaced by the DNA, RNA and protein world of today, likely through an intermediate stage of ribonucleoprotein enzymes such as the ribosome and ribozymes, since proteins large enough to self-fold and have useful activities would only have come about after RNA was available to catalyze peptide ligation or amino acid polymerization. DNA is thought to have taken over the role of data storage due to its increased stability, while proteins, through a greater variety of monomers (amino acids), replaced RNA's role in specialized biocatalysis.The RNA world hypothesis is supported by many independent lines of evidence, such as the observations that RNA is central to the translation process and that small RNAs can catalyze all of the chemical group and information transfers required for life. The structure of the ribosome has been called the ""smoking gun,"" as it showed that the ribosome is a ribozyme, with a central core of RNA and no amino acid side chains within 18 angstroms of the active site where peptide bond formation is catalyzed. Many of the most critical components of cells (those that evolve the slowest) are composed mostly or entirely of RNA. Also, many critical cofactors (ATP, Acetyl-CoA, NADH, etc.) are either nucleotides or substances clearly related to them. This would mean that the RNA and nucleotide cofactors in modern cells are an evolutionary remnant of an RNA-based enzymatic system that preceded the protein-based one seen in all extant life.Evidence suggests chemical conditions (including the presence of boron, molybdenum and oxygen) for initially producing RNA molecules may have been better on the planet Mars than those on the planet Earth. If so, life-suitable molecules, originating on Mars, may have later migrated to Earth via panspermia or similar process.