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... 2. RNA nucleotides contain the fivecarbon sugar ribose rather than the sugar deoxyribose, which is found in DNA nucleotides 3. In addition to the A, G, and C nitrogen bases found in DNA, RNA nucleotides can have a nitrogen base called uracil (U) ...
... 2. RNA nucleotides contain the fivecarbon sugar ribose rather than the sugar deoxyribose, which is found in DNA nucleotides 3. In addition to the A, G, and C nitrogen bases found in DNA, RNA nucleotides can have a nitrogen base called uracil (U) ...
RNA polymerase
... • Within the promotor is the starting point for the transcription of a gene. • The promotor also includes a binding site for RNA polymerase several dozen nucleotides upstream of the start point. • In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase can recognize and bind directly to the promotor region. ...
... • Within the promotor is the starting point for the transcription of a gene. • The promotor also includes a binding site for RNA polymerase several dozen nucleotides upstream of the start point. • In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase can recognize and bind directly to the promotor region. ...
Lesson Objectives: You must be comfortable doing these items:
... Effects of Mutations Many mutations have no effect on the proteins they encode. These mutations are considered neutral. Occasionally, a mutation may make a protein even better than it was before. Or the protein might help the organism adapt to a new environment. These mutations are considered benefi ...
... Effects of Mutations Many mutations have no effect on the proteins they encode. These mutations are considered neutral. Occasionally, a mutation may make a protein even better than it was before. Or the protein might help the organism adapt to a new environment. These mutations are considered benefi ...
Methods to analyze RNA expression - RNA
... Each sample (tissue, time point, etc..) is used to prepare RNA. Each RNA then is converted into a library of cDNA fragments. The libraries from several different samples will be sequenced together, so each library has to receive an individual tag (AKA index). ...
... Each sample (tissue, time point, etc..) is used to prepare RNA. Each RNA then is converted into a library of cDNA fragments. The libraries from several different samples will be sequenced together, so each library has to receive an individual tag (AKA index). ...
Lecture 3 - Computing for Bioinformatics I
... same libraries and the same sets of books. • Books represent all the information (DNA) that every cell in the body needs so it can grow and carry out its various functions. ...
... same libraries and the same sets of books. • Books represent all the information (DNA) that every cell in the body needs so it can grow and carry out its various functions. ...
Spectroscopy of nucleic acids
... constituents of cells. Since these molecules are invisible, they are studied using techniques that will take advantage of their inherent physical properties. Nucleic acids (i.e., DNA and RNA) are often characterized and quantified using their absorption spectra, as measured by spectrophotometry. An ...
... constituents of cells. Since these molecules are invisible, they are studied using techniques that will take advantage of their inherent physical properties. Nucleic acids (i.e., DNA and RNA) are often characterized and quantified using their absorption spectra, as measured by spectrophotometry. An ...
Chapter 16 Other RNA Processing Events
... Centromeres - include much heterochromatin Centromeres - One does not observe transcription from material adjacent to the centromeres. In yeast, mutations in Dicer, Argonaute and RdRp cause such transcripts to appear. meH3lys4 - associated with active genes meH3lys9 - associated with inactive genes. ...
... Centromeres - include much heterochromatin Centromeres - One does not observe transcription from material adjacent to the centromeres. In yeast, mutations in Dicer, Argonaute and RdRp cause such transcripts to appear. meH3lys4 - associated with active genes meH3lys9 - associated with inactive genes. ...
Proximal promoter
... the distal sequence upstream of the gene that may contain additional regulatory elements, often with a weaker influence than the proximal promoter – Anything further upstream (but not an enhancer or other regulatory region whose influence is positional/orientation independent) – Specific transcripti ...
... the distal sequence upstream of the gene that may contain additional regulatory elements, often with a weaker influence than the proximal promoter – Anything further upstream (but not an enhancer or other regulatory region whose influence is positional/orientation independent) – Specific transcripti ...
DNA
... discover the “transforming factor” They did this by using extracts from the heatkilled cells and digesting specific classes of molecules with enzymes Enzyme ...
... discover the “transforming factor” They did this by using extracts from the heatkilled cells and digesting specific classes of molecules with enzymes Enzyme ...
Ovation™ RNA Amplification System
... differential gene expression in non-amplified and amplified RNA ...
... differential gene expression in non-amplified and amplified RNA ...
Chapter 14 2015 - Franklin College
... sequences that indicate splicing sites) • Splicesomes are molecular machines that remove introns from m-rna ...
... sequences that indicate splicing sites) • Splicesomes are molecular machines that remove introns from m-rna ...
RNA Molecules: More than Mere Information Intermediaries
... temperature increases to 37°C, thereby preventing a repressor protein from binding to this segment and enabling expression of virulence genes. Similarly, when Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is exposed to higher temperatures, one of its transcriptional repressors no longer forms multimers an ...
... temperature increases to 37°C, thereby preventing a repressor protein from binding to this segment and enabling expression of virulence genes. Similarly, when Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is exposed to higher temperatures, one of its transcriptional repressors no longer forms multimers an ...
AP Review
... Hershey and Chase performed experiments showing that DNA is the genetic material of T2 (a type of phage). ...
... Hershey and Chase performed experiments showing that DNA is the genetic material of T2 (a type of phage). ...
DNA, RNA, and the Flow of Genetic Information
... DNA are derivatives of purine—adenine (A) and guanine (G)—and two of pyrimidine—cytosine (C) and thymine (T), as shown in Figure 4.4. Ribonucleic acid (RNA), like DNA, is a long unbranched polymer consisting of nucleotides joined by 39-to-59 phosphodiester linkages (see Figure 4.3). The covalent str ...
... DNA are derivatives of purine—adenine (A) and guanine (G)—and two of pyrimidine—cytosine (C) and thymine (T), as shown in Figure 4.4. Ribonucleic acid (RNA), like DNA, is a long unbranched polymer consisting of nucleotides joined by 39-to-59 phosphodiester linkages (see Figure 4.3). The covalent str ...
DNA
... • Genes are made of small segments of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA • DNA is the primary material that causes recognizable, inheritable characteristics in related groups of organisms ...
... • Genes are made of small segments of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA • DNA is the primary material that causes recognizable, inheritable characteristics in related groups of organisms ...
Ultraconserved Elements in the Human Genome
... elements have a total of 106,767 bases • Only 6 bases have confirmed SNPs (dbSNP) • Expect 119 based on neutral evolution ...
... elements have a total of 106,767 bases • Only 6 bases have confirmed SNPs (dbSNP) • Expect 119 based on neutral evolution ...
Biology for Bioinformatics - NIU Department of Biological
... proper shape is essential for active proteins. For most proteins, the amino acids sequence itself is all that is needed to get proper folding. Proteins fold up because they form hydrogen bonds between amino acids. The need for hydrophobic amino acids to be away from water also plays a big role. Simi ...
... proper shape is essential for active proteins. For most proteins, the amino acids sequence itself is all that is needed to get proper folding. Proteins fold up because they form hydrogen bonds between amino acids. The need for hydrophobic amino acids to be away from water also plays a big role. Simi ...
Biology for Bioinformatics
... proper shape is essential for active proteins. For most proteins, the amino acids sequence itself is all that is needed to get proper folding. Proteins fold up because they form hydrogen bonds between amino acids. The need for hydrophobic amino acids to be away from water also plays a big role. Simi ...
... proper shape is essential for active proteins. For most proteins, the amino acids sequence itself is all that is needed to get proper folding. Proteins fold up because they form hydrogen bonds between amino acids. The need for hydrophobic amino acids to be away from water also plays a big role. Simi ...
DNA RNA Protein
... the cell. We are mostly going to look at its role in protein synthesis, but RNA does many other things as well. • RNA can both store information (like DNA) and catalyze chemical reactions (like proteins). • One theory for the origin of life has it starting out as RNA only, then adding DNA and protei ...
... the cell. We are mostly going to look at its role in protein synthesis, but RNA does many other things as well. • RNA can both store information (like DNA) and catalyze chemical reactions (like proteins). • One theory for the origin of life has it starting out as RNA only, then adding DNA and protei ...
From Gene to Protein I.
... Transcription and translation are the two main processes linking gene to protein. A. RNA is chemically similar to DNA, except that it contains ribose as its sugar and substitutes the nitrogenous base uracil for thymine. An RNA molecule almost always consists of a single strand. B. The specific seque ...
... Transcription and translation are the two main processes linking gene to protein. A. RNA is chemically similar to DNA, except that it contains ribose as its sugar and substitutes the nitrogenous base uracil for thymine. An RNA molecule almost always consists of a single strand. B. The specific seque ...
Interest Grabber
... encyclopedia. Suppose that you go to the library to do research for a science project. You find the information in an encyclopedia. You go to the desk to sign out the book, but the librarian informs you that this book is for reference only and may not be taken out. ...
... encyclopedia. Suppose that you go to the library to do research for a science project. You find the information in an encyclopedia. You go to the desk to sign out the book, but the librarian informs you that this book is for reference only and may not be taken out. ...
nuclear structure (2): the nucleolus
... In this case the amplication steps are: (1) Multiple RNA polymerase molecules on the transcription unit (the 45S rRNA gene), transcribing simultaneously. (2) Multiple copies (400 per human somatic cell) of the 45S rRNA gene. In amphibians, which may large eggs with a lot of cytoplasm containing a lo ...
... In this case the amplication steps are: (1) Multiple RNA polymerase molecules on the transcription unit (the 45S rRNA gene), transcribing simultaneously. (2) Multiple copies (400 per human somatic cell) of the 45S rRNA gene. In amphibians, which may large eggs with a lot of cytoplasm containing a lo ...
RNA world
The RNA world refers to the self-replicating ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules that were precursors to all current life on Earth. It is generally accepted that current life on Earth descends from an RNA world, although RNA-based life may not have been the first life to exist.RNA stores genetic information like DNA, and catalyzes chemical reactions like an enzyme protein. It may, therefore, have played a major step in the evolution of cellular life. The RNA world would have eventually been replaced by the DNA, RNA and protein world of today, likely through an intermediate stage of ribonucleoprotein enzymes such as the ribosome and ribozymes, since proteins large enough to self-fold and have useful activities would only have come about after RNA was available to catalyze peptide ligation or amino acid polymerization. DNA is thought to have taken over the role of data storage due to its increased stability, while proteins, through a greater variety of monomers (amino acids), replaced RNA's role in specialized biocatalysis.The RNA world hypothesis is supported by many independent lines of evidence, such as the observations that RNA is central to the translation process and that small RNAs can catalyze all of the chemical group and information transfers required for life. The structure of the ribosome has been called the ""smoking gun,"" as it showed that the ribosome is a ribozyme, with a central core of RNA and no amino acid side chains within 18 angstroms of the active site where peptide bond formation is catalyzed. Many of the most critical components of cells (those that evolve the slowest) are composed mostly or entirely of RNA. Also, many critical cofactors (ATP, Acetyl-CoA, NADH, etc.) are either nucleotides or substances clearly related to them. This would mean that the RNA and nucleotide cofactors in modern cells are an evolutionary remnant of an RNA-based enzymatic system that preceded the protein-based one seen in all extant life.Evidence suggests chemical conditions (including the presence of boron, molybdenum and oxygen) for initially producing RNA molecules may have been better on the planet Mars than those on the planet Earth. If so, life-suitable molecules, originating on Mars, may have later migrated to Earth via panspermia or similar process.