IB Topics DNA HL
... important to review before each unit this year… • Today’s Opener: • Draw and label a simple diagram of the molecular structure of DNA. (4 marks) ...
... important to review before each unit this year… • Today’s Opener: • Draw and label a simple diagram of the molecular structure of DNA. (4 marks) ...
Text S1.
... Several plant virus RNAi suppressors influence the miRNA pathway, thereby inducing strong developmental defects in transgenic plants that express RNAi suppressors during development [1,2]. This effect may be due to convergence of the antiviral RNAi and miRNA pathways on Argonaute-1 (AGO1) in plants. ...
... Several plant virus RNAi suppressors influence the miRNA pathway, thereby inducing strong developmental defects in transgenic plants that express RNAi suppressors during development [1,2]. This effect may be due to convergence of the antiviral RNAi and miRNA pathways on Argonaute-1 (AGO1) in plants. ...
Inherited variation at the epigenetic level: paramutation from the
... In contrast with a wide definition of the ‘epigenetic variation’, including all changes in gene expression that do not result from the alteration of the gene structure, a more restricted class had been defined, initially in plants, under the name ‘paramutation’. It corresponds to epigenetic modifica ...
... In contrast with a wide definition of the ‘epigenetic variation’, including all changes in gene expression that do not result from the alteration of the gene structure, a more restricted class had been defined, initially in plants, under the name ‘paramutation’. It corresponds to epigenetic modifica ...
Non-coding RNAs
... Genomes are databases sensitive to invasion by viruses (foreign nucleic acids). In recent years, a defense mechanism has been discovered, which turns out to be conserved among eukaryotes. The system can be compared to the immune system in several ways: It has specificity against foreign elements and ...
... Genomes are databases sensitive to invasion by viruses (foreign nucleic acids). In recent years, a defense mechanism has been discovered, which turns out to be conserved among eukaryotes. The system can be compared to the immune system in several ways: It has specificity against foreign elements and ...
Chapter Outline
... b. The R strain is not virulent (the mice lived); it has no capsule and forms “dull” colonies. 3. In an effort to determine if the capsule alone was responsible for the virulence of the S strain, he injected mice with heat-killed S strain bacteria; the mice lived. 4. Finally, he injected mice with a ...
... b. The R strain is not virulent (the mice lived); it has no capsule and forms “dull” colonies. 3. In an effort to determine if the capsule alone was responsible for the virulence of the S strain, he injected mice with heat-killed S strain bacteria; the mice lived. 4. Finally, he injected mice with a ...
Tool box for studying gene function in neural development
... same gene created by alternative promoters and/or alternative splicing) and of stage-specific differences of expression (depending on the accuracy of the original tissue isolation). Disadvantages include little quantitative information on levels of gene expression and limited resolution for detectin ...
... same gene created by alternative promoters and/or alternative splicing) and of stage-specific differences of expression (depending on the accuracy of the original tissue isolation). Disadvantages include little quantitative information on levels of gene expression and limited resolution for detectin ...
Chapter 15 Outline - Adelphi University
... Chapter 15 Outline Genes and How They Work Advanced Placement Biology Roslyn High School The Central Dogma Traces The Flow Of Gene-Encoded Information. How Do Cells Use RNA To Make Protein? ...
... Chapter 15 Outline Genes and How They Work Advanced Placement Biology Roslyn High School The Central Dogma Traces The Flow Of Gene-Encoded Information. How Do Cells Use RNA To Make Protein? ...
DNA, RNA, and Proteins
... 2) Translates the mRNA sequence into a specific sequence of protein subunits or amino acids 3) tRNA has amino acids attached 4) Act as decoders by matching mRNA sequence and placing amino acids on protein chains ...
... 2) Translates the mRNA sequence into a specific sequence of protein subunits or amino acids 3) tRNA has amino acids attached 4) Act as decoders by matching mRNA sequence and placing amino acids on protein chains ...
Protein Synthesis
... • Polypeptides fold spontaneously into their active configuration, and they spontaneously join with other polypeptides to form the final proteins. • Often translation is not sufficient to make a functional protein, polypeptide chains are modified after translation • Sometimes other molecules are als ...
... • Polypeptides fold spontaneously into their active configuration, and they spontaneously join with other polypeptides to form the final proteins. • Often translation is not sufficient to make a functional protein, polypeptide chains are modified after translation • Sometimes other molecules are als ...
Introduction to RNA sequencing
... • Interpreting mutations that do not have an obvious effect on protein sequence – ‘Regulatory’ mutations that affect what mRNA isoform is expressed and how much • e.g. splice sites, promoters, exonic/intronic splicing motifs, etc. ...
... • Interpreting mutations that do not have an obvious effect on protein sequence – ‘Regulatory’ mutations that affect what mRNA isoform is expressed and how much • e.g. splice sites, promoters, exonic/intronic splicing motifs, etc. ...
Protein Synthesis Quiz 2
... 30. The deoxyribose part in the name deoxyribonucleic acid refers to the a) rungs of the sugar ladder b) bonds that hold the two strands together c) sugar component of DNA d) type of helical arrangement e) a new type of oxygen-free blackcurrant drink 31. Which of the statements about electrophoresis ...
... 30. The deoxyribose part in the name deoxyribonucleic acid refers to the a) rungs of the sugar ladder b) bonds that hold the two strands together c) sugar component of DNA d) type of helical arrangement e) a new type of oxygen-free blackcurrant drink 31. Which of the statements about electrophoresis ...
P1 The genetic code
... • Despite the fact that they all carry out the same reaction of joining an amino acid to a tRNA, the various synthetase enzymes can be quite different. • They fall into one of four classes of subunit structure, being either a, a2, a4, a2b2. • The polypeptide chains range from 334 to over 1000 amino ...
... • Despite the fact that they all carry out the same reaction of joining an amino acid to a tRNA, the various synthetase enzymes can be quite different. • They fall into one of four classes of subunit structure, being either a, a2, a4, a2b2. • The polypeptide chains range from 334 to over 1000 amino ...
Review #2
... Mechanisms of transcription What is the subunit structure of bacterial RNA polymerases? What is the 3D shape? What are the three phases of the process of making RNA, and what, in general, happens in each phase? What is the basic structure of the promoter, and what is the structure of the RNA polymer ...
... Mechanisms of transcription What is the subunit structure of bacterial RNA polymerases? What is the 3D shape? What are the three phases of the process of making RNA, and what, in general, happens in each phase? What is the basic structure of the promoter, and what is the structure of the RNA polymer ...
No Slide Title
... 1) CPSF binds AAUAAA in hnRNA 2) CStF binds; CFI, CFII bind in between 3) PAP (PolyA polymerase) binds & cleaves 10-35 b 3’ to ...
... 1) CPSF binds AAUAAA in hnRNA 2) CStF binds; CFI, CFII bind in between 3) PAP (PolyA polymerase) binds & cleaves 10-35 b 3’ to ...
Chapter 14: Gene Transcription and RNA Modification
... to the more complex eukaryotic one. Before entering into the discussion of initiation, elongation, and termination, the section takes a good look at the structure of a bacterial promoter. A promoter is a regulatory sequence that plays a central role in transcriptional regulation. There are two thing ...
... to the more complex eukaryotic one. Before entering into the discussion of initiation, elongation, and termination, the section takes a good look at the structure of a bacterial promoter. A promoter is a regulatory sequence that plays a central role in transcriptional regulation. There are two thing ...
Biochemistry
... initiation should be mediated by other proteins. (The capacity of the various polymerases to synthesize different RNAs was shown with the toxin-amanitin. At low concentrations of toxin-amanitin synthesis of mRNAs are affected but not rRNAs nor tRNAs. At high concentrations, both mRNAs and tRNAs are ...
... initiation should be mediated by other proteins. (The capacity of the various polymerases to synthesize different RNAs was shown with the toxin-amanitin. At low concentrations of toxin-amanitin synthesis of mRNAs are affected but not rRNAs nor tRNAs. At high concentrations, both mRNAs and tRNAs are ...
Blank notes - local.brookings.k12.sd.us
... Some amino acids modified by addition of sugars, lipids, phosphate groups, etc Enzymes can modify ends, cleave into pieces join polypeptide strands (4’ structure) ...
... Some amino acids modified by addition of sugars, lipids, phosphate groups, etc Enzymes can modify ends, cleave into pieces join polypeptide strands (4’ structure) ...
RNA Polymerases
... regulation of their transcription. Some promoters such as the U6 small nuclear RNA (U6 snRNA ) and small RNA genes from the Epstein-Barr virus use only regulatory sequences upstream from their transcription start sites. The coding region of the U6 snRNA has a characteristic A box. However, this sequ ...
... regulation of their transcription. Some promoters such as the U6 small nuclear RNA (U6 snRNA ) and small RNA genes from the Epstein-Barr virus use only regulatory sequences upstream from their transcription start sites. The coding region of the U6 snRNA has a characteristic A box. However, this sequ ...
NUCLEIC ACIDS 3115
... In other words, DNA determines what all living things will look like. That is called the genetic information for an organism. Genetic information is the plan that determines what all living things will look like and what they can do. DNA stores the genetic information and is responsible for correctl ...
... In other words, DNA determines what all living things will look like. That is called the genetic information for an organism. Genetic information is the plan that determines what all living things will look like and what they can do. DNA stores the genetic information and is responsible for correctl ...
Module 1 - Bioinformatics.ca
... • Interpreting mutations that do not have an obvious effect on protein sequence – ‘Regulatory’ mutations that affect what mRNA isoform is expressed and how much • e.g. splice sites, promoters, exonic/intronic splicing motifs, etc. ...
... • Interpreting mutations that do not have an obvious effect on protein sequence – ‘Regulatory’ mutations that affect what mRNA isoform is expressed and how much • e.g. splice sites, promoters, exonic/intronic splicing motifs, etc. ...
nucleic acids 3115
... DNA is the genetic information and is responsible for correctly transferring the plan from one generation to the next. In your case, for instance, your DNA determines your height, hair color and eye color. DNA also determines whether a living organism will grow into a tree, a turtle, or you. Living ...
... DNA is the genetic information and is responsible for correctly transferring the plan from one generation to the next. In your case, for instance, your DNA determines your height, hair color and eye color. DNA also determines whether a living organism will grow into a tree, a turtle, or you. Living ...
presentation (spanish ppt format, 4.7 MB)
... Reports of unexpected outcomes in experiments performed by plant scientists in the United States and the Netherlands in the early 1990s. In an attempt to alter flower colors in petunias, researchers introduced additional copies of a gene encoding chalcone synthase, a key enzyme for flower pigmentati ...
... Reports of unexpected outcomes in experiments performed by plant scientists in the United States and the Netherlands in the early 1990s. In an attempt to alter flower colors in petunias, researchers introduced additional copies of a gene encoding chalcone synthase, a key enzyme for flower pigmentati ...
epigenetics - Gene Silencing
... are comparable to the 106 micromolar concentrations commonly achieved in CNS active drugs such as antiepileptic drugs. (M. Tanaka and JW Nyce).20 ...
... are comparable to the 106 micromolar concentrations commonly achieved in CNS active drugs such as antiepileptic drugs. (M. Tanaka and JW Nyce).20 ...
RNA world
The RNA world refers to the self-replicating ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules that were precursors to all current life on Earth. It is generally accepted that current life on Earth descends from an RNA world, although RNA-based life may not have been the first life to exist.RNA stores genetic information like DNA, and catalyzes chemical reactions like an enzyme protein. It may, therefore, have played a major step in the evolution of cellular life. The RNA world would have eventually been replaced by the DNA, RNA and protein world of today, likely through an intermediate stage of ribonucleoprotein enzymes such as the ribosome and ribozymes, since proteins large enough to self-fold and have useful activities would only have come about after RNA was available to catalyze peptide ligation or amino acid polymerization. DNA is thought to have taken over the role of data storage due to its increased stability, while proteins, through a greater variety of monomers (amino acids), replaced RNA's role in specialized biocatalysis.The RNA world hypothesis is supported by many independent lines of evidence, such as the observations that RNA is central to the translation process and that small RNAs can catalyze all of the chemical group and information transfers required for life. The structure of the ribosome has been called the ""smoking gun,"" as it showed that the ribosome is a ribozyme, with a central core of RNA and no amino acid side chains within 18 angstroms of the active site where peptide bond formation is catalyzed. Many of the most critical components of cells (those that evolve the slowest) are composed mostly or entirely of RNA. Also, many critical cofactors (ATP, Acetyl-CoA, NADH, etc.) are either nucleotides or substances clearly related to them. This would mean that the RNA and nucleotide cofactors in modern cells are an evolutionary remnant of an RNA-based enzymatic system that preceded the protein-based one seen in all extant life.Evidence suggests chemical conditions (including the presence of boron, molybdenum and oxygen) for initially producing RNA molecules may have been better on the planet Mars than those on the planet Earth. If so, life-suitable molecules, originating on Mars, may have later migrated to Earth via panspermia or similar process.