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Does Easing Monetary Policy Increase Financial Instability?
Does Easing Monetary Policy Increase Financial Instability?

... a markup on lending rates. Moreover, when banks cannot fully adjust their lending rates in response to macroeconomic shocks, the economy displays distortions typical of models with staggered price setting, generating equilibrium allocations that are not Pareto efficient (Hannan and Berger, 1991, Kwa ...
Chap025 - U of L Class Index
Chap025 - U of L Class Index

... • An option gives the owner of the option the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a certain asset at a fixed price (the strike price or exercise price) during a specified period of time. • Options on stock and other assets are examples of derivative securities. The value of an option is de ...
Winners and Losers in Housing Markets
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***** 1
***** 1

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Shearman & Sterling - NYU Stern School of Business

The Discount Rate for Wrongful Death and Injury Cases
The Discount Rate for Wrongful Death and Injury Cases

... I. INTRODUCTION It is generally accepted that the rate of return on conservative investments is to be used to discount future earnings to present value in cases involving injury or wrongful death. In determining the discount rate to use the period from 1953-1990 or some sub-period is usually used. T ...
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...  Debt and Equity  A company can get cash for investment by retaining earnings or selling either debt or equity.  Does it make any difference how the firm raises money?  What is the proper discount rate when the firm uses both debt and equity?  How do we perform capital budgeting/valuation when ...
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Appendix 4D - McPherson`s

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Do Dividends Still Matter? Yes—And Here`s Why

... majority, portion of total returns on common stocks. It was not until 1958 that the average yield on common stocks in the S&P 500 index fell below that of long-term U.S. Treasury bonds. We now live in an age of high growth expectations, and we enjoyed a long bull market that ended in early 2000. Dur ...
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Fundamentals of Investing Chapter Fifteen

... of a company’s stock. Stockholders are owners and share in the success of the company. A corporation is not required to repay the money obtained from the sale of stock. They are under no legal obligation to pay dividends to stockholders. They may instead retain all or part of earnings. ...
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Assessing Discount Rate for a Project Financed Entirely with Equity
Assessing Discount Rate for a Project Financed Entirely with Equity

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Present value

In economics, present value, also known as present discounted value, is the value of an expected income stream determined as of the date of valuation. The present value is always less than or equal to the future value because money has interest-earning potential, a characteristic referred to as the time value of money, except during times of negative interest rates, when the present value will be greater than the future value. Time value can be described with the simplified phrase, “A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow”. Here, 'worth more' means that its value is greater. A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow because the dollar can be invested and earn a day's worth of interest, making the total accumulate to a value more than a dollar by tomorrow. Interest can be compared to rent. Just as rent is paid to a landlord by a tenant, without the ownership of the asset being transferred, interest is paid to a lender by a borrower who gains access to the money for a time before paying it back. By letting the borrower have access to the money, the lender has sacrificed the exchange value of this money, and is compensated for it in the form of interest. The initial amount of the borrowed funds (the present value) is less than the total amount of money paid to the lender.Present value calculations, and similarly future value calculations, are used to value loans, mortgages, annuities, sinking funds, perpetuities, bonds, and more. These calculations are used to make comparisons between cash flows that don’t occur at simultaneous times. The idea is much like algebra, where variable units must be consistent in order to compare or carry out addition and subtraction; time dates must be consistent in order to make comparisons between values or carry out simple calculations. When deciding between projects in which to invest, the choice can be made by comparing respective present values of such projects by means of discounting the expected income streams at the corresponding project interest rate, or rate of return. The project with the highest present value, i.e. that is most valuable today, should be chosen.
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