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ESTIMATION OF VALUE AT RISK: EXTREME VALUE AND
ESTIMATION OF VALUE AT RISK: EXTREME VALUE AND

Challenges in advanced management accounting
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... sinking fund stocks, varable interest stocks, any other ‘unusual’ stocks, and also stocks under one year to maturity are omitted. A S-year yield will not be quoted unless there is at least one stock in the coupon band with a term of less than 5 years. 3.4. No corresponding prices are calculated from ...
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... Dilution Protection – Holders of convertibles are not compensated when normal dividends are distributed. Under the scenario that a company makes an extraordinary dividend payment, convertible investors will want to be compensated. The indenture will outline whether the convertible qualifies for extr ...
krugman_PPT_c13
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... The Demand of Currency Deposits (cont.) • Suppose the interest rate on a dollar deposit is 2%. • Suppose the interest rate on a euro deposit is 4%. • Does a euro deposit yield a higher expected rate of return?  Suppose today the exchange rate is $1/€1, and the expected rate one year in the future ...
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Chapter 23 Hedging with Financial Derivatives

... 37) If a money manager believes stock prices will fall and knows that a block of funds will be received in the future, then he should A) sell stock index futures short. B) buy stock index futures long. C) stay out of the futures market. D) borrow and buy securities now. Answer: A 38) If a firm is du ...
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Present value

In economics, present value, also known as present discounted value, is the value of an expected income stream determined as of the date of valuation. The present value is always less than or equal to the future value because money has interest-earning potential, a characteristic referred to as the time value of money, except during times of negative interest rates, when the present value will be greater than the future value. Time value can be described with the simplified phrase, “A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow”. Here, 'worth more' means that its value is greater. A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow because the dollar can be invested and earn a day's worth of interest, making the total accumulate to a value more than a dollar by tomorrow. Interest can be compared to rent. Just as rent is paid to a landlord by a tenant, without the ownership of the asset being transferred, interest is paid to a lender by a borrower who gains access to the money for a time before paying it back. By letting the borrower have access to the money, the lender has sacrificed the exchange value of this money, and is compensated for it in the form of interest. The initial amount of the borrowed funds (the present value) is less than the total amount of money paid to the lender.Present value calculations, and similarly future value calculations, are used to value loans, mortgages, annuities, sinking funds, perpetuities, bonds, and more. These calculations are used to make comparisons between cash flows that don’t occur at simultaneous times. The idea is much like algebra, where variable units must be consistent in order to compare or carry out addition and subtraction; time dates must be consistent in order to make comparisons between values or carry out simple calculations. When deciding between projects in which to invest, the choice can be made by comparing respective present values of such projects by means of discounting the expected income streams at the corresponding project interest rate, or rate of return. The project with the highest present value, i.e. that is most valuable today, should be chosen.
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