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Bonds Payable
Bonds Payable

... Bonds Payable and Interest Expense The interest rate used to compute the present value is the market interest rate (also called yield, effective rate, or true rate). Creditors demand a certain rate of interest to compensate them for the risks related to bonds. The stated rate, or coupon rate, is on ...
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The Invisible Hand and the Banking Trade
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... namely by the use of probability distributions associated with extreme events -- fattailed distributions with ‘tail risk’, consistent with the very rare occurrence of disastrously bad returns. They show that, by using derivatives in a setting of asymmetric information, such downside risk in investme ...
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM)

Money, Liquidity
Money, Liquidity

... • The liquidity of an asset refers to how easy it is to trade it or convert it into money, by selling it, borrowing against it, etc. Liquid assets should have low transaction costs a predictable value, thick markets, and come in standard form. And it should be easy to buy or sell them without having ...
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Corporate Financial Theory
Corporate Financial Theory

... Companies can convert dividends into capital gains by shifting their dividend policies. If dividends are taxed more heavily than capital gains, taxpaying investors should welcome such a move and value the firm more favorably. In such a tax environment, the total cash flow retained by the firm and/or ...
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asset value guarantees under equity-based products
asset value guarantees under equity-based products

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... proceeds to repurchase one of its existing high coupon rate debt issues. Often these are callable issues, which means the company can purchase the debt at a lower-thanmarket price. Project financings are arrangements used to finance mainly large capital projects such as energy explorations, oil tank ...
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Present value

In economics, present value, also known as present discounted value, is the value of an expected income stream determined as of the date of valuation. The present value is always less than or equal to the future value because money has interest-earning potential, a characteristic referred to as the time value of money, except during times of negative interest rates, when the present value will be greater than the future value. Time value can be described with the simplified phrase, “A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow”. Here, 'worth more' means that its value is greater. A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow because the dollar can be invested and earn a day's worth of interest, making the total accumulate to a value more than a dollar by tomorrow. Interest can be compared to rent. Just as rent is paid to a landlord by a tenant, without the ownership of the asset being transferred, interest is paid to a lender by a borrower who gains access to the money for a time before paying it back. By letting the borrower have access to the money, the lender has sacrificed the exchange value of this money, and is compensated for it in the form of interest. The initial amount of the borrowed funds (the present value) is less than the total amount of money paid to the lender.Present value calculations, and similarly future value calculations, are used to value loans, mortgages, annuities, sinking funds, perpetuities, bonds, and more. These calculations are used to make comparisons between cash flows that don’t occur at simultaneous times. The idea is much like algebra, where variable units must be consistent in order to compare or carry out addition and subtraction; time dates must be consistent in order to make comparisons between values or carry out simple calculations. When deciding between projects in which to invest, the choice can be made by comparing respective present values of such projects by means of discounting the expected income streams at the corresponding project interest rate, or rate of return. The project with the highest present value, i.e. that is most valuable today, should be chosen.
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