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... In Namibia, bank credit account for close to 85 % of total (formal) domestic credit to the private sector. Commercial bank credit to the private sector has grown substantially since 1990, but the growth rate slowed down considerably since 1996. Real credit to the private sector grew at an annual ave ...
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... of financial systems over many years. Since the 1990s, relationships between different levels of governments have been renegotiated in numerous countries. Decentralisation has imposed new responsibilities on sub-national governments, which now have to face rising demands for better local infrastruct ...
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... DOI: 10.18535/ijsrm/v3i12.07 however, that the evidence is not uniform across commodities and that for some commodities conditional correlation rises with the volatility of equity markets. This is somehow to be expected since commodities behave differently from one another (Erb and Harvey 2006) and ...
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Syndicated loan

A syndicated loan is one that is provided by a group of lenders and is structured, arranged, and administered by one or several commercial banks or investment banks known as lead arrangers.The syndicated loan market is the dominant way for corporations in the U.S. and Europe to top banks and other institutional financial capital providers for loans. The U.S. market originated with the large leveraged buyout loans of the mid-1980s, and Europe's market blossomed with the launch of the euro in 1999.At the most basic level, arrangers serve the investment-banking role of raising investor funding for an issuer in need of capital. The issuer pays the arranger a fee for this service, and this fee increases with the complexity and risk factors of the loan. As a result, the most profitable loans are those to leveraged borrowers—issuers whose credit ratings are speculative grade and who are paying spreads (premiums or margins above the relevant LIBOR in the U.S. and UK, Euribor in Europe or another base rate) sufficient to attract the interest of non-bank term loan investors. Though, this threshold moves up and down depending on market conditions.In the U.S., corporate borrowers and private equity sponsors fairly even-handedly drive debt issuance. Europe, however, has far less corporate activity and its issuance is dominated by private equity sponsors, who, in turn, determine many of the standards and practices of loan syndication.
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