The role of brain in the regulation of glucose homeostasis
... The regulation of plasma glucose concentration is an important homeostatic function, which is critical for the normal functioning of the brain. As we know, the brain relies on glucose as its primary fuel for its function, other fuels such as fatty acids or ketone bodies play a very minor role.[1] St ...
... The regulation of plasma glucose concentration is an important homeostatic function, which is critical for the normal functioning of the brain. As we know, the brain relies on glucose as its primary fuel for its function, other fuels such as fatty acids or ketone bodies play a very minor role.[1] St ...
Neuronal activity in dorsomedial frontal cortex and prefrontal cortex
... and PF was affected by stimulus location, even when that stimulus dimension was behaviorally irrelevant. Previous studies of both PF (Rainer et al. 1998; Rao et al. 1997; White and Wise 1999) and DMF (Olson et al. 2000; White and Wise 1999) have shown that stimulus location influences neuronal activ ...
... and PF was affected by stimulus location, even when that stimulus dimension was behaviorally irrelevant. Previous studies of both PF (Rainer et al. 1998; Rao et al. 1997; White and Wise 1999) and DMF (Olson et al. 2000; White and Wise 1999) have shown that stimulus location influences neuronal activ ...
- PhilSci
... can be assessed are: the time it takes for the computing system to carry out a given task, the maximum number of tasks that can be completed by the system in a given time interval, and the electrical power it takes for the system to carry out a task. The total time required for a computing system to ...
... can be assessed are: the time it takes for the computing system to carry out a given task, the maximum number of tasks that can be completed by the system in a given time interval, and the electrical power it takes for the system to carry out a task. The total time required for a computing system to ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... actions, such as reaching and grasping, during which we can observe our own arm and hand reach and grasp for objects surrounding us. Also, mirrors and other reflecting surfaces allow the observation of one’s own facial and body movement as if they were performed by somebody else. Furthermore, early i ...
... actions, such as reaching and grasping, during which we can observe our own arm and hand reach and grasp for objects surrounding us. Also, mirrors and other reflecting surfaces allow the observation of one’s own facial and body movement as if they were performed by somebody else. Furthermore, early i ...
Genetic basis of male sexual behavior
... simple motor actions. Execution of each step is triggered by sensory inputs and tends to lead to acquisition of new inputs that will trigger an advance of the program to the next step. However, the order of execution of steps is not obligatory—the program can jump forward to a later step, skipping o ...
... simple motor actions. Execution of each step is triggered by sensory inputs and tends to lead to acquisition of new inputs that will trigger an advance of the program to the next step. However, the order of execution of steps is not obligatory—the program can jump forward to a later step, skipping o ...
brain
... • The pons is located superior to the medulla. It connects the spinal cord with the brain and links parts of the brain with one another by way of tracts (Figures 14.1, 14.5). – relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal movements from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum. – contains the pn ...
... • The pons is located superior to the medulla. It connects the spinal cord with the brain and links parts of the brain with one another by way of tracts (Figures 14.1, 14.5). – relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal movements from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum. – contains the pn ...
Mutation of UL24 impedes the dissemination of acute herpes
... ganglia (TG). UL24 is a core herpesvirus gene that has been identified as a determinant of pathogenesis in several Alphaherpesvirinae, although the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In a mouse model of ocular infection, a UL24-deficient virus exhibited a reduction in viral titres in tear films of 1 ...
... ganglia (TG). UL24 is a core herpesvirus gene that has been identified as a determinant of pathogenesis in several Alphaherpesvirinae, although the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In a mouse model of ocular infection, a UL24-deficient virus exhibited a reduction in viral titres in tear films of 1 ...
19 TROCHLEAR NUCLEUS (C.N. IV)
... VISUAL reflex center. It is a highly laminated (layered) structure. The top or dorsal-most three layers receive visual information primarily from two sources, i.e., the retina (retinocollicular) and the visual cortex (area 17; corticotectal). In contrast to the exclusively visual nature of the super ...
... VISUAL reflex center. It is a highly laminated (layered) structure. The top or dorsal-most three layers receive visual information primarily from two sources, i.e., the retina (retinocollicular) and the visual cortex (area 17; corticotectal). In contrast to the exclusively visual nature of the super ...
Evidence for Apoptotic Cell Death in Huntington Disease and
... I : 1,000 SMI-32, SMI-99). On the following day, sections were washed in Tris-buffered saline and incubated for 1 hr in the appropriate secondary antibody (swine anti-rabbit for GFAP, goat anti-mouse for SMI32 and SMI-99), washed again, and incubated for 1 hr with mouse (I : 100) or rabbit (I :200) ...
... I : 1,000 SMI-32, SMI-99). On the following day, sections were washed in Tris-buffered saline and incubated for 1 hr in the appropriate secondary antibody (swine anti-rabbit for GFAP, goat anti-mouse for SMI32 and SMI-99), washed again, and incubated for 1 hr with mouse (I : 100) or rabbit (I :200) ...
Chapter 26
... Conduction of action potentials along axon vary between 0.5 ms-1 and 120 ms-1 – speed affected by diameter and insulation ...
... Conduction of action potentials along axon vary between 0.5 ms-1 and 120 ms-1 – speed affected by diameter and insulation ...
Corticofugal modulation of frequency processing in bat auditory
... Auditory signals are transmitted from the inner ear through the brainstem to the higher auditory regions of the brain. Neurons throughout the auditory system are tuned to stimulus frequency, and in many auditory regions are arranged in topographical maps with respect to their preferred frequency. Th ...
... Auditory signals are transmitted from the inner ear through the brainstem to the higher auditory regions of the brain. Neurons throughout the auditory system are tuned to stimulus frequency, and in many auditory regions are arranged in topographical maps with respect to their preferred frequency. Th ...
Anatomical organization of the central olfactory
... implies the importance of chemosensation. Due to their well-developed sense of smell and easily accessible nervous system, moths have served as suitable model organisms for researchers exploring general principles underlying odor information processing. Like in other insects, moths perceive odorants ...
... implies the importance of chemosensation. Due to their well-developed sense of smell and easily accessible nervous system, moths have served as suitable model organisms for researchers exploring general principles underlying odor information processing. Like in other insects, moths perceive odorants ...
Studying the topological organization of the cerebral blood flow
... state have high correlation (functional connectivity) between components in the default mode networks (posterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, insula/superior temporal gyrus and medial prefrontal cortex) (Zou et al., 2009). On the other hand, Viviani et al. (2011) found a correspondence between BOLD a ...
... state have high correlation (functional connectivity) between components in the default mode networks (posterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, insula/superior temporal gyrus and medial prefrontal cortex) (Zou et al., 2009). On the other hand, Viviani et al. (2011) found a correspondence between BOLD a ...
Motivation - Blackwell Publishing
... in the mouse. More specifically, genetically obese mice that are double recessive for gene in an animal are both recessive the obesity gene (i.e. ob ob mice), and thereby lack the OB gene, produce no leptin. (i.e. non-dominant), as opposed to Leptin administration decreases food intake in wild type ...
... in the mouse. More specifically, genetically obese mice that are double recessive for gene in an animal are both recessive the obesity gene (i.e. ob ob mice), and thereby lack the OB gene, produce no leptin. (i.e. non-dominant), as opposed to Leptin administration decreases food intake in wild type ...
Neurophysiology – Action Potential, Nerve Impulse, and Synapses
... The outside surface of a cell membrane is electrically charged or polarized with respect to the inside. This polarization is due to an unequal distribution of positive and negative ions between sides of the membrane. A. Distribution of Ions The distribution of ions inside and outside cell membranes ...
... The outside surface of a cell membrane is electrically charged or polarized with respect to the inside. This polarization is due to an unequal distribution of positive and negative ions between sides of the membrane. A. Distribution of Ions The distribution of ions inside and outside cell membranes ...
A Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents Fact Sheet
... with ADHD (MTA study) is helping to inform long-term treatment decisions. For example, MTA researchers found that medication works best when treatment is regularly monitored by the prescribing doctor and the dose is adjusted based on the child’s needs. As children with ADHD mature, treatment decisio ...
... with ADHD (MTA study) is helping to inform long-term treatment decisions. For example, MTA researchers found that medication works best when treatment is regularly monitored by the prescribing doctor and the dose is adjusted based on the child’s needs. As children with ADHD mature, treatment decisio ...
Targeting Axonal Protein Synthesis in Neuroregeneration and Degeneration REVIEW Jimena Baleriola
... found interspersed in the upper spinal cord and the motor cortex in the brain, making it essentially impossible to specifically target them without affecting the millions of neurons surrounding them, whose axons have not been injured. In contrast, the trauma site where the injured axons are located ...
... found interspersed in the upper spinal cord and the motor cortex in the brain, making it essentially impossible to specifically target them without affecting the millions of neurons surrounding them, whose axons have not been injured. In contrast, the trauma site where the injured axons are located ...
Cranial Nerves
... trigeminal nerve. It is considered one of the most painful conditions to affect people. – Pain is usually triggered by a light touch of the face or mouth on the same side as the pain ...
... trigeminal nerve. It is considered one of the most painful conditions to affect people. – Pain is usually triggered by a light touch of the face or mouth on the same side as the pain ...
B - CommuniGate Pro uni
... yet been reported. 62'64'86~1°4'~°9 F r o m theoretical considerations and c o m p u t e r models o f lateral, recurrent inhibitory networks, 44"~2"53"98"132"~35it is k n o w n that on the system level a " w i n n e r takes all" dynamics ~35 can develop, with additional spatial p h e n o m e n a suc ...
... yet been reported. 62'64'86~1°4'~°9 F r o m theoretical considerations and c o m p u t e r models o f lateral, recurrent inhibitory networks, 44"~2"53"98"132"~35it is k n o w n that on the system level a " w i n n e r takes all" dynamics ~35 can develop, with additional spatial p h e n o m e n a suc ...
Tau pathology does not affect experience-driven single
... Figure 1 In vivo quantification of Arc::dVenus reporter in the visual cortex of rTg4510 mice. (a) Experiment outline. Structural visual stimulation paradigm described previously in [10] was followed by cranial window implantation over the medial extrastriate visual cortex and imaging on a multiphoto ...
... Figure 1 In vivo quantification of Arc::dVenus reporter in the visual cortex of rTg4510 mice. (a) Experiment outline. Structural visual stimulation paradigm described previously in [10] was followed by cranial window implantation over the medial extrastriate visual cortex and imaging on a multiphoto ...
Development of the Auditory Areas
... primary auditory area, 41 in Krieg's (1946a) classification, is the most dorsal and anterior part; Zilles et al. (1980) calls it TE 1. Two secondary auditory areas (TE3, TE2) form an incomplete belt around the ventral and posterior borders of the primary afea. Zilles' TE3 (anterior) and TE2 (posteri ...
... primary auditory area, 41 in Krieg's (1946a) classification, is the most dorsal and anterior part; Zilles et al. (1980) calls it TE 1. Two secondary auditory areas (TE3, TE2) form an incomplete belt around the ventral and posterior borders of the primary afea. Zilles' TE3 (anterior) and TE2 (posteri ...
潓慭潴敳獮牯⁹祓瑳浥
... T-shaped configuration. One of these two processes travels to the receptor organs of the periphery, giving off numerous collateral branches along the way, so that a single ganglion cell receives input from multiple receptor organs. The other process (the central process) travels byway of the posteri ...
... T-shaped configuration. One of these two processes travels to the receptor organs of the periphery, giving off numerous collateral branches along the way, so that a single ganglion cell receives input from multiple receptor organs. The other process (the central process) travels byway of the posteri ...
[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL
... stimulate cortical activation reflected as fast EEG activity, and descending networks projecting to the spinal cord, which stimulate sensory-motor activation reflected as high EMG activity, (Figure 1). They reside within the brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus and basal forebrain. They utilize diverse ...
... stimulate cortical activation reflected as fast EEG activity, and descending networks projecting to the spinal cord, which stimulate sensory-motor activation reflected as high EMG activity, (Figure 1). They reside within the brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus and basal forebrain. They utilize diverse ...
Motor Systems - Neuroanatomy
... The MRST has the opposite effect of the PRST, in that it inhibits anti-gravity reflexes of spinal cord (inhibits upper limb flexors and lower limb extensors). MRST cells, like those in the PRST also receive excitatory input from the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex. All of these ventromedial pathw ...
... The MRST has the opposite effect of the PRST, in that it inhibits anti-gravity reflexes of spinal cord (inhibits upper limb flexors and lower limb extensors). MRST cells, like those in the PRST also receive excitatory input from the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex. All of these ventromedial pathw ...
Effect of Adrenalectomy on Miniature Inhibitory Postsynaptic
... cells were stained with the intracellular dyes Lucifer yellow (n ⫽ 5) or Alexa Hydrozin 488 (n ⫽ 7). Post hoc histological analysis of these cells confirmed the location and shape of the cellbody as established during the recording session (see examples in Fig. 1, A--D). Since the intracellular dyes ...
... cells were stained with the intracellular dyes Lucifer yellow (n ⫽ 5) or Alexa Hydrozin 488 (n ⫽ 7). Post hoc histological analysis of these cells confirmed the location and shape of the cellbody as established during the recording session (see examples in Fig. 1, A--D). Since the intracellular dyes ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.