A framework for the first-person internal sensation of visual
... Studies showed that activity in a population of neurons automatically represent probability distributions—namely, probabilistic population codes, over the visual stimulus by using Bayesian rules (Knill and Pouget 2004; Yuille and Kersten 2006). Bayes’s rule was used to calculate edge probability at ...
... Studies showed that activity in a population of neurons automatically represent probability distributions—namely, probabilistic population codes, over the visual stimulus by using Bayesian rules (Knill and Pouget 2004; Yuille and Kersten 2006). Bayes’s rule was used to calculate edge probability at ...
Effects of the Abused Inhalant Toluene on the
... the NAc core or shell or the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of adolescent male rats. Each animal received an injection in only one area in order to label a specific pathway. Based on the injection site, these beads will label either mesolimbic or mesocortical DA neurons that are known to be involve ...
... the NAc core or shell or the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of adolescent male rats. Each animal received an injection in only one area in order to label a specific pathway. Based on the injection site, these beads will label either mesolimbic or mesocortical DA neurons that are known to be involve ...
Synaptic Transmission between Dorsal Root Ganglion and Dorsal
... by kynurenate (0.5 mM). Drugs were ejected at 1 PSI. The fast deflections occurring at 5-set intervals are the evoked EPSPs and hyperpolanzing conductance pulses shown at a faster time base in A. Resting potential = -65 mV. C, Action potentials recorded from a DRG neuron before, during, and after su ...
... by kynurenate (0.5 mM). Drugs were ejected at 1 PSI. The fast deflections occurring at 5-set intervals are the evoked EPSPs and hyperpolanzing conductance pulses shown at a faster time base in A. Resting potential = -65 mV. C, Action potentials recorded from a DRG neuron before, during, and after su ...
VISCERAL SENSORY NEURONS THAT INNERVATE BOTH
... indicate that sensory information to the DRG neurons may originate in different viscera. Although it is generally accepted that each primary afferent neuron is a single sensory channel, several studies have challenged that view and demonstrate that a population of DRG neurons can innervate both the ...
... indicate that sensory information to the DRG neurons may originate in different viscera. Although it is generally accepted that each primary afferent neuron is a single sensory channel, several studies have challenged that view and demonstrate that a population of DRG neurons can innervate both the ...
14-1 SENSATION FIGURE 14.1 1. The general senses provide
... A. For example, if a mosquito lands on the skin, the resulting light touch activates Merkel’s receptors. You probably do not even pay attention to the sensation. B. When the mosquito bites you, free nerve endings are stimulated. You know exactly where the pain is located and you swat the mosquito. C ...
... A. For example, if a mosquito lands on the skin, the resulting light touch activates Merkel’s receptors. You probably do not even pay attention to the sensation. B. When the mosquito bites you, free nerve endings are stimulated. You know exactly where the pain is located and you swat the mosquito. C ...
Neural and Voluntary Control of Breathing
... Neural Control of Breathing • This topic is still “unsettled” science // exact mechanism for setting the rhythm of respiration remains unknown • Currently, we understand there are three neural circuits (nuclei) within the brain stem which influence breathing – Dorsal respiratory group – Ventral res ...
... Neural Control of Breathing • This topic is still “unsettled” science // exact mechanism for setting the rhythm of respiration remains unknown • Currently, we understand there are three neural circuits (nuclei) within the brain stem which influence breathing – Dorsal respiratory group – Ventral res ...
14-1 SENSATION 1. The general senses provide information about
... A. For example, if a mosquito lands on the skin, the resulting light touch activates Merkel’s receptors. You probably do not even pay attention to the sensation. B. When the mosquito bites you, free nerve endings are stimulated. You know exactly where the pain is located and you swat the mosquito. C ...
... A. For example, if a mosquito lands on the skin, the resulting light touch activates Merkel’s receptors. You probably do not even pay attention to the sensation. B. When the mosquito bites you, free nerve endings are stimulated. You know exactly where the pain is located and you swat the mosquito. C ...
Insights from models of rhythmic motor systems
... extended axon and dendrites of the neuron are represented by leaky electrical cables. Cable models reproduce the signal decay and conduction delays along axons and dendrites of biological neurons. Coordinating interneurons: Neurons that connect and coordinate different pattern-generating circuits, f ...
... extended axon and dendrites of the neuron are represented by leaky electrical cables. Cable models reproduce the signal decay and conduction delays along axons and dendrites of biological neurons. Coordinating interneurons: Neurons that connect and coordinate different pattern-generating circuits, f ...
Modulation of Synaptic Transmission to Second
... (AP-5), and 10 M CNQX. Membrane potential was changed from ⫺130 to ⫺30 mV in 10-mV steps. The duration of each step was 500 ms and voltage steps were applied every 2 s. Data Analysis. Data are presented as mean ⫾ S.E.M. Peak amplitudes of averaged evoked postsynaptic currents (ⱖ10 sweeps) were calc ...
... (AP-5), and 10 M CNQX. Membrane potential was changed from ⫺130 to ⫺30 mV in 10-mV steps. The duration of each step was 500 ms and voltage steps were applied every 2 s. Data Analysis. Data are presented as mean ⫾ S.E.M. Peak amplitudes of averaged evoked postsynaptic currents (ⱖ10 sweeps) were calc ...
Cholinergic induction of network oscillations at 40 Hz in the
... activity is generated spontaneously in the CA3 subfield and can persist for hours. During the oscillatory state, principal neurons fire action potentials that are phase-related to the extracellular oscillation, but each neuron fires in only a small proportion of the cycles. Both excitatory and inhib ...
... activity is generated spontaneously in the CA3 subfield and can persist for hours. During the oscillatory state, principal neurons fire action potentials that are phase-related to the extracellular oscillation, but each neuron fires in only a small proportion of the cycles. Both excitatory and inhib ...
Synapse
... 4. Short duration i.e. decays within 15 m.sec. 5. Its amplitude (very small) about 0.5 mv • To produce action potential must be summated. • The summation is of 2 types: spatial and temporal summation ...
... 4. Short duration i.e. decays within 15 m.sec. 5. Its amplitude (very small) about 0.5 mv • To produce action potential must be summated. • The summation is of 2 types: spatial and temporal summation ...
Genetic Analysis of the Drosophila Ellipsoid Body
... center for higher-order brain function in insects. It is an intricate neuropil composed of four substructures. Each substructure contains repeated neuronal elements which are connected by processes such that topography is maintained. Although the neuronal architecture has been described in several i ...
... center for higher-order brain function in insects. It is an intricate neuropil composed of four substructures. Each substructure contains repeated neuronal elements which are connected by processes such that topography is maintained. Although the neuronal architecture has been described in several i ...
Using calcium imaging to understand function and learning in L2/3
... organization and functional basis of this sparse code is not well understood. I conducted two studies to characterize function and learning in the cortex. In the first study, I used population calcium i ...
... organization and functional basis of this sparse code is not well understood. I conducted two studies to characterize function and learning in the cortex. In the first study, I used population calcium i ...
Document
... 1. Na+ channels open, Na+ rushes inward 2. K+ channels open, K+ diffuses outward; Na+ channels are closed and inactivated 3. Membrane returns to resting potential ...
... 1. Na+ channels open, Na+ rushes inward 2. K+ channels open, K+ diffuses outward; Na+ channels are closed and inactivated 3. Membrane returns to resting potential ...
Odorant Category Profile Selectivity of Olfactory Cortex Neurons
... column shows (from top to bottom) the name of the category, abbreviation, molecular structure, component odorants in the present study. For individual neurons, responses to each mixture (3–7 odorants) used for the stimulation with each category, and the perceptual quality. B, Ventrolateral view of t ...
... column shows (from top to bottom) the name of the category, abbreviation, molecular structure, component odorants in the present study. For individual neurons, responses to each mixture (3–7 odorants) used for the stimulation with each category, and the perceptual quality. B, Ventrolateral view of t ...
Human frequency-following response: representation of pitch
... discharge periodicities and interspike intervals related to the fundamental are present in the responses of auditory nerve ¢bers (Young and Sachs, 1979; Rose, 1980; Delgutte, 1980; Voigt et al., 1982; Evans, 1983; Miller and Sachs, 1984; Greenberg, 1986; Palmer et al., 1986). The predominant interva ...
... discharge periodicities and interspike intervals related to the fundamental are present in the responses of auditory nerve ¢bers (Young and Sachs, 1979; Rose, 1980; Delgutte, 1980; Voigt et al., 1982; Evans, 1983; Miller and Sachs, 1984; Greenberg, 1986; Palmer et al., 1986). The predominant interva ...
Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, Signaling - Biology E
... resulting flow of Na+ into the neuron results in further depolarization. Because the sodium channels are voltage gated, an increased depolarization causes more sodium channels to open, leading to an even greater flow of current. The result is a process of positive feedback that triggers a very rapid ...
... resulting flow of Na+ into the neuron results in further depolarization. Because the sodium channels are voltage gated, an increased depolarization causes more sodium channels to open, leading to an even greater flow of current. The result is a process of positive feedback that triggers a very rapid ...
Large-Scale Fluorescence Calcium-Imaging
... the dynamics of hundreds of cells concurrently, target specific neuron types for study based on their genetic identities or connectivity patterns, reliably track individual cells for many weeks in behaving animals, extract the signals of individual neurons nearly regardless of their activity rates, ...
... the dynamics of hundreds of cells concurrently, target specific neuron types for study based on their genetic identities or connectivity patterns, reliably track individual cells for many weeks in behaving animals, extract the signals of individual neurons nearly regardless of their activity rates, ...
Reflexes
... The flexor reflex is ipsilateral. Incoming and outgoing impulses are on the same side of the spinal cord. The flexor reflex illustrates another feature of polysynaptic reflex arc. When you withdraw the limb from a painful stimulus, more than one muscle is involved. Several motor neurons simultaneous ...
... The flexor reflex is ipsilateral. Incoming and outgoing impulses are on the same side of the spinal cord. The flexor reflex illustrates another feature of polysynaptic reflex arc. When you withdraw the limb from a painful stimulus, more than one muscle is involved. Several motor neurons simultaneous ...
Pontine Gustatory Activity Is Altered by Electrical Stimulation in the
... used for taste stimulus and water presentation to the anterior tongue. For 10 s before and for longer after stimulus offset, a separate outflow nozzle delivered deionized-distilled water to the same locus on the tongue. During the rinse period, the stimulus delivery line and nozzle were flushed with ...
... used for taste stimulus and water presentation to the anterior tongue. For 10 s before and for longer after stimulus offset, a separate outflow nozzle delivered deionized-distilled water to the same locus on the tongue. During the rinse period, the stimulus delivery line and nozzle were flushed with ...
Paper: Neural substrates for expectation
... significantly reduced (black), increased (white) or did not change (gray) their UCS-evoked responses between the first (early) and last (late) conditioning trial block. ...
... significantly reduced (black), increased (white) or did not change (gray) their UCS-evoked responses between the first (early) and last (late) conditioning trial block. ...
KCNQ/M Channels Control Spike Afterdepolarization and Burst
... To explore the function of KCNQ/M channels in shaping the intrinsic firing pattern of principal brain neurons, we examined the effects of selective KCNQ/M channel modulators on spike electrogenesis in CA1 pyramidal cells. Previous studies have confirmed that these neurons express KCNQ/M channels (Sh ...
... To explore the function of KCNQ/M channels in shaping the intrinsic firing pattern of principal brain neurons, we examined the effects of selective KCNQ/M channel modulators on spike electrogenesis in CA1 pyramidal cells. Previous studies have confirmed that these neurons express KCNQ/M channels (Sh ...
Understanding mirror neurons - LIRA-Lab
... which is to say that the module2 has done all the hard work (Liberman & Mattingly, 1985, page 7)”. ...
... which is to say that the module2 has done all the hard work (Liberman & Mattingly, 1985, page 7)”. ...
Neurons in red nucleus and primary motor cortex exhibit similar
... directional tuning without assuming an underlying tuning function (Gribble and Scott, 2002). This method characterizes the ‘‘mass distribution’’ of torque-related activity by assuming that activity changes linearly between sampled torque directions and that torque magnitude is equal for each torque ...
... directional tuning without assuming an underlying tuning function (Gribble and Scott, 2002). This method characterizes the ‘‘mass distribution’’ of torque-related activity by assuming that activity changes linearly between sampled torque directions and that torque magnitude is equal for each torque ...