Central Nervous System Control of Energy and Glucose
... receptors (5-HT2CRs) expressed by the anorexigenic (appetite-suppressing) proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus regulate food intake and glucose balance. Recently, Belviq (lorcaserin, a specific 5-HT2CR agonist) became the first FDA-approved diet pill in the last 15 ...
... receptors (5-HT2CRs) expressed by the anorexigenic (appetite-suppressing) proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus regulate food intake and glucose balance. Recently, Belviq (lorcaserin, a specific 5-HT2CR agonist) became the first FDA-approved diet pill in the last 15 ...
Neuronal signaling and synapses
... -the effect that a neurotransmitter has is determined by the receptor to which it binds *there are multiple receptors for most neurotransmitters – thus each is capable of different effects *the many subtypes of receptors make it possible to design drugs that target specific neuronal subsystems ...
... -the effect that a neurotransmitter has is determined by the receptor to which it binds *there are multiple receptors for most neurotransmitters – thus each is capable of different effects *the many subtypes of receptors make it possible to design drugs that target specific neuronal subsystems ...
Psychopharmacology
... • Some drugs cause exocytosis independently of nerve firing – amphetamine and methamphetamine – Causes behavioral activation • Notice opposite effect of reserpine ...
... • Some drugs cause exocytosis independently of nerve firing – amphetamine and methamphetamine – Causes behavioral activation • Notice opposite effect of reserpine ...
Nerve impulses and Synapses Electro
... neuro-transmitter systems, and can have very powerful, and sometimes beneficial effects. • However, because the same neurotransmitter often have several different actions at different places in your brain or body, such drugs have numerous side effects: • Nicotine may help concentration, but can also ...
... neuro-transmitter systems, and can have very powerful, and sometimes beneficial effects. • However, because the same neurotransmitter often have several different actions at different places in your brain or body, such drugs have numerous side effects: • Nicotine may help concentration, but can also ...
consciousness
... State Consciousness Brainstem mechanisms control the state of consciousness; cortical activity provides the contents of consciousness. The reticular activating system connects lower brain stem neurons to the thalamus (and hence on to the cortex); it is responsible for cortical EEG readings (‘brain ...
... State Consciousness Brainstem mechanisms control the state of consciousness; cortical activity provides the contents of consciousness. The reticular activating system connects lower brain stem neurons to the thalamus (and hence on to the cortex); it is responsible for cortical EEG readings (‘brain ...
“Epileptic Neurons” in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
... Epilepsy is a devastating chronic neurological disorder that affects about 0.8% of the population worldwide. The clinical hallmark of epilepsy is recurrent seizures, which consist of synchronised discharges of large groups of neurons. Several lines of evidence suggest that the hippocampal formation ...
... Epilepsy is a devastating chronic neurological disorder that affects about 0.8% of the population worldwide. The clinical hallmark of epilepsy is recurrent seizures, which consist of synchronised discharges of large groups of neurons. Several lines of evidence suggest that the hippocampal formation ...
EEG - OCIBME
... (a) Different types of normal EEG waves. (b) Replacement of alpha rhythm by an asynchronous discharge when patient opens eyes. (c) Representative abnormal EEG waveforms in different types of epilepsy. Copyright © by A. Adler, 2009 -2014 (including Material from J.G. Webster) ...
... (a) Different types of normal EEG waves. (b) Replacement of alpha rhythm by an asynchronous discharge when patient opens eyes. (c) Representative abnormal EEG waveforms in different types of epilepsy. Copyright © by A. Adler, 2009 -2014 (including Material from J.G. Webster) ...
Modeling Synaptic Plasticity
... Synapses are the structures through which neurons communicate, and the loci of information storage in neural circuits. Synapses store information (‘learn’) thanks to synaptic plasticity: the efficacy of the communication between the two neurons connected by the synapse can change, as a function of t ...
... Synapses are the structures through which neurons communicate, and the loci of information storage in neural circuits. Synapses store information (‘learn’) thanks to synaptic plasticity: the efficacy of the communication between the two neurons connected by the synapse can change, as a function of t ...
Spindle-Like Thalamocortical Synchronization in a Rat Brain Slice
... Kynurenic acid was applied close to the site from which field potential recordings were obtained. Moreover, to limit possible activity-dependent variabilities in oscillation shape and/or duration, we used stimuli delivered every 10 –30 s, and we avoided the occurrence of stimuli immediately after a ...
... Kynurenic acid was applied close to the site from which field potential recordings were obtained. Moreover, to limit possible activity-dependent variabilities in oscillation shape and/or duration, we used stimuli delivered every 10 –30 s, and we avoided the occurrence of stimuli immediately after a ...
The Nervous System
... • Found in the brain • Prevents the receptor nerve from being overstimulated • When it accumulates it has a sedative effect • Valium, Xanax and Ativan work by allowing GABA to accumulate – More GABA, more relaxed ...
... • Found in the brain • Prevents the receptor nerve from being overstimulated • When it accumulates it has a sedative effect • Valium, Xanax and Ativan work by allowing GABA to accumulate – More GABA, more relaxed ...
How is Epilepsy Diagnosed?
... means "to seize upon", "to attack". Thus epilepsy is a seizure or rather a disease which causes seizures to occur. As, however, there are many very different types of seizure, it is better to speak of epilepsies. Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder marked by involuntary, recurrent seizures th ...
... means "to seize upon", "to attack". Thus epilepsy is a seizure or rather a disease which causes seizures to occur. As, however, there are many very different types of seizure, it is better to speak of epilepsies. Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder marked by involuntary, recurrent seizures th ...
Slide ()
... Different neural mechanisms underlie long-term potentiation at each of the three synapses in the trisynaptic pathway in the hippocampus. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is present at synapses throughout the hippocampus but depends to differing degrees on activation of NMDA-type glutamate receptors. A. ...
... Different neural mechanisms underlie long-term potentiation at each of the three synapses in the trisynaptic pathway in the hippocampus. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is present at synapses throughout the hippocampus but depends to differing degrees on activation of NMDA-type glutamate receptors. A. ...
Sistemas sensoriales - U
... Temporal binding has been suggested as a remedy to the problem of how to define dynamic functional relations between neurons in distributed sensorimotor networks. The proposal is that this 'binding problem' could be solved by exploiting the temporal aspects of neuronal activity16, 17, 18, 40, 41, 42 ...
... Temporal binding has been suggested as a remedy to the problem of how to define dynamic functional relations between neurons in distributed sensorimotor networks. The proposal is that this 'binding problem' could be solved by exploiting the temporal aspects of neuronal activity16, 17, 18, 40, 41, 42 ...
Diapositive 1
... PKA phosphorylates the cell's voltage-gated calcium channels, and this enhances their activity. More Calcium flows, and the heart beats more strongly. By contrast, the stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors in many neurons seems to have no effect on calcium channels, but instead causes inhibition of ...
... PKA phosphorylates the cell's voltage-gated calcium channels, and this enhances their activity. More Calcium flows, and the heart beats more strongly. By contrast, the stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors in many neurons seems to have no effect on calcium channels, but instead causes inhibition of ...
Like crumpled paper balls: the evolution of the mammalian cerebral
... Prof. Suzana Herculano-Houzel - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Larger brains tend to have larger and more folded cortices, and gyrification has long been considered a mechanism that allows for larger neurons in the cerebral cortex – but why is the cetacean cortex much more folded tha ...
... Prof. Suzana Herculano-Houzel - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Larger brains tend to have larger and more folded cortices, and gyrification has long been considered a mechanism that allows for larger neurons in the cerebral cortex – but why is the cetacean cortex much more folded tha ...
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
... neurotransmitter Ex. Alcohol Slows down the release of acetylcholine which is the neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction. Speech becomes slurred, reaction time slows-muscles cannot fire as quickly. ...
... neurotransmitter Ex. Alcohol Slows down the release of acetylcholine which is the neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction. Speech becomes slurred, reaction time slows-muscles cannot fire as quickly. ...
ADAM Nervous System Ion Channels Use this program only if you
... Use this program only if you need to review the differences between active and passive cell channels and voltage-gated and chemically-gated channels. Membrane Potential 1. What causes the outside surface of the cell membrane to be more positive? 2. The resting membrane potential in a neuron results ...
... Use this program only if you need to review the differences between active and passive cell channels and voltage-gated and chemically-gated channels. Membrane Potential 1. What causes the outside surface of the cell membrane to be more positive? 2. The resting membrane potential in a neuron results ...
01_MEEG_Origin
... flowing in one direction along the entire length of the dendrite, which therefore may be considered an electric dipole. ...
... flowing in one direction along the entire length of the dendrite, which therefore may be considered an electric dipole. ...
How grid cells neurons encode rat position
... spatial activity patterns non-invasively. • High temporal and spatial resolution is desirable. • No single technology currently satisfies both of these requirements. • By combining data from different modalities, the shortcomings of individual techniques can be overcome. ...
... spatial activity patterns non-invasively. • High temporal and spatial resolution is desirable. • No single technology currently satisfies both of these requirements. • By combining data from different modalities, the shortcomings of individual techniques can be overcome. ...
Skill.
... 3. Epilepsy. • This is characterised by recurrent excessive synchronised production of action potentials from many neurons, mainly due to decreased release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (During et al., 1995). • Such seizures are very common with 1 in 20 experiencing at least one fit in th ...
... 3. Epilepsy. • This is characterised by recurrent excessive synchronised production of action potentials from many neurons, mainly due to decreased release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (During et al., 1995). • Such seizures are very common with 1 in 20 experiencing at least one fit in th ...
Mechanism of Action Overview Sodium channel blockers
... neuronal excitability. Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 belong to the Kv7 (KCNQ) subfamily of K+ channel genes and have been shown to be involved in brain excitability control. M-type potassium currents are a species of subthreshold voltage-gated potassium current that control neuronal excitability through stabilizi ...
... neuronal excitability. Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 belong to the Kv7 (KCNQ) subfamily of K+ channel genes and have been shown to be involved in brain excitability control. M-type potassium currents are a species of subthreshold voltage-gated potassium current that control neuronal excitability through stabilizi ...
THALAMUS
... bursts or as tonic, single-spike acticvity, depending upon the membrane potential of the cell. Activation of muscarinic, alfa1-adrenergic, H1-histaminergic or metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR)results in depolarization of relay neurons through reduction of IKL. This depolarization subsequently ...
... bursts or as tonic, single-spike acticvity, depending upon the membrane potential of the cell. Activation of muscarinic, alfa1-adrenergic, H1-histaminergic or metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR)results in depolarization of relay neurons through reduction of IKL. This depolarization subsequently ...
The Importance of the Nervous System
... What happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminals? ...
... What happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminals? ...
Spike-and-wave
Spike-and-wave is the term that describes a particular pattern of the electroencephalogram (EEG) typically observed during epileptic seizures. A spike-and-wave discharge is a regular, symmetrical, generalized EEG pattern seen particularly during absence epilepsy, also known as ‘petit mal’ epilepsy. The basic mechanisms underlying these patterns are complex and involve part of the cerebral cortex, the thalamocortical network, and intrinsic neuronal mechanisms. The first spike-and-wave pattern was recorded in the early twentieth century by Hans Berger. Many aspects of the pattern are still being researched and discovered, and still many aspects are uncertain. The spike-and-wave pattern is most commonly researched in absence epilepsy, but is common in several epilepsies such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and Ohtahara syndrome. Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly prescribed to treat epileptic seizures, and new ones are being discovered with less adverse effects. Today, most of the research is focused on the origin of the generalized bilateral spike-and-wave discharge. One proposal suggests that a thalamocortical (TC) loop is involved in the initiation spike-and-wave oscillations. Although there are several theories, the use of animal models has provided new insight on spike-and-wave discharge in humans.