1-Student`s Refexes
... Higher control on Gamma Efferent Discharge and hence on the Stretch Reflex and Muscle Tone (2) 2. Basal ganglia (BG) ( Extrapyramidal Areas ) ...
... Higher control on Gamma Efferent Discharge and hence on the Stretch Reflex and Muscle Tone (2) 2. Basal ganglia (BG) ( Extrapyramidal Areas ) ...
Cellular scaling rules for the brain of afrotherians
... cortex in all animals was manually dissected from the striatum and other subcortical structures. The hippocampus was then dissected from each cortical hemisphere, under a stereoscope. The cerebral cortex of the hyrax specimens was then cut into 2 mm coronal sections in order to allow the dissection ...
... cortex in all animals was manually dissected from the striatum and other subcortical structures. The hippocampus was then dissected from each cortical hemisphere, under a stereoscope. The cerebral cortex of the hyrax specimens was then cut into 2 mm coronal sections in order to allow the dissection ...
Vesicle-Mediated Transport and Release of
... Departments of 1Medical Physiology and 2Cell Biology, Section of Electron Microscopy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands ...
... Departments of 1Medical Physiology and 2Cell Biology, Section of Electron Microscopy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands ...
The neurochemistry of the GnRH pulse generator
... into the median eminence where they terminate at portal vessels. Utilizing iiz vivo techniques with push-pull cannulae implanted either in the MPO/AH or in the mediobasal hypothalamic median eminence (MBH) complex, the release rates of a variety of neurotransmitters can be measured and correlated wi ...
... into the median eminence where they terminate at portal vessels. Utilizing iiz vivo techniques with push-pull cannulae implanted either in the MPO/AH or in the mediobasal hypothalamic median eminence (MBH) complex, the release rates of a variety of neurotransmitters can be measured and correlated wi ...
The habenular nuclei - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
... LHb activity inhibits the raphe (Wang & Aghajanian 1977), probably as a result of activation of GABAergic interneurons in the nucleus (e.g. Varga et al. 2003). The LHb innervates and inhibits the dopaminergic VTA (Araki et al. 1988) and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc; see below, §2). There ...
... LHb activity inhibits the raphe (Wang & Aghajanian 1977), probably as a result of activation of GABAergic interneurons in the nucleus (e.g. Varga et al. 2003). The LHb innervates and inhibits the dopaminergic VTA (Araki et al. 1988) and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc; see below, §2). There ...
Some historical perspectives on thermoregulation
... thermal information that projects to the extremely important regions within the hypothalamus (which respond to incoming thermally generated signals) has been studied. Dodt and Zotterman (21), Hardy (32), Iggo (39), and Hensel (35) investigated the coding of peripheral thermal sensation. They analyze ...
... thermal information that projects to the extremely important regions within the hypothalamus (which respond to incoming thermally generated signals) has been studied. Dodt and Zotterman (21), Hardy (32), Iggo (39), and Hensel (35) investigated the coding of peripheral thermal sensation. They analyze ...
Neurons with Two Sites of Synaptic Integration Learn Invariant
... The generation of calcium spikes is very sensitive to local inhibitory activity. Even the activity of a single inhibitory neuron can effectively block calcium spikes (Larkum, Zhu, & Sakmann, 1999; Larkum, Kaiser, & Sakmann, 1999). Thus, it seems reasonable to assume that the number of neurons genera ...
... The generation of calcium spikes is very sensitive to local inhibitory activity. Even the activity of a single inhibitory neuron can effectively block calcium spikes (Larkum, Zhu, & Sakmann, 1999; Larkum, Kaiser, & Sakmann, 1999). Thus, it seems reasonable to assume that the number of neurons genera ...
muscle spindle - KIN450
... between the intrafusal fibers. Each spindle is divided into three regions; equatorial (middle), juxtaequatorial, and polar ends (where the contractile mechanisms are located). The spindle consists of two types of intrafusal muscle fibers, nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers. Each spindle contains 1 ...
... between the intrafusal fibers. Each spindle is divided into three regions; equatorial (middle), juxtaequatorial, and polar ends (where the contractile mechanisms are located). The spindle consists of two types of intrafusal muscle fibers, nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers. Each spindle contains 1 ...
Ascending Sensory Pathways
... potentials. This transformation of the stimulus into an electrical signal is referred to as sensory transduction. Some receptors that respond quickly and maximally at the onset of the stimulus, but stop responding even if the stimulus continues, are known as rapidly adapting (phasic) receptors. Thes ...
... potentials. This transformation of the stimulus into an electrical signal is referred to as sensory transduction. Some receptors that respond quickly and maximally at the onset of the stimulus, but stop responding even if the stimulus continues, are known as rapidly adapting (phasic) receptors. Thes ...
neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treatment eliminates cholinergic
... thetic, catecholamine histofluorescent fibers was present VIP (Fig. 2, e and g). However, in the 6-OHDA-treated in the iris (Fig. la) and submandibular salivary gland. rats, no catecholamine histofluorescence or TH-IR (Fig. AChE staining also revealed an axonal plexus in the iris 2, b and d) was evi ...
... thetic, catecholamine histofluorescent fibers was present VIP (Fig. 2, e and g). However, in the 6-OHDA-treated in the iris (Fig. la) and submandibular salivary gland. rats, no catecholamine histofluorescence or TH-IR (Fig. AChE staining also revealed an axonal plexus in the iris 2, b and d) was evi ...
Neurotic Overview
... a. Obstructive: blockage of CSF flow w/in the ventricles (↑ICP) b. Non-Obstructive (communicating): impaired flow/resorption outside the ventricle (↑ICP) c. Ex Vacuo: compensation for brain atrophy, especially in elderly (Alzheimers), normal ICP d. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: rare syndrome w/ nor ...
... a. Obstructive: blockage of CSF flow w/in the ventricles (↑ICP) b. Non-Obstructive (communicating): impaired flow/resorption outside the ventricle (↑ICP) c. Ex Vacuo: compensation for brain atrophy, especially in elderly (Alzheimers), normal ICP d. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: rare syndrome w/ nor ...
spinal cord and reflexes - Sinoe Medical Association
... § Arises from L4S4 and serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and the perineum ...
... § Arises from L4S4 and serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and the perineum ...
Somatosensory Substrates of Flight Control in Bats
... We performed anterograde neuronal tracing using subcutaneous injections of fluorescent Cholera toxin B (CTB). Focal injections in different wing sites labeled tens to hundreds of DRG neurons (Figure S1). Notably, labeling from individual injections was found in cervical, mid-thoracic, and lower-thor ...
... We performed anterograde neuronal tracing using subcutaneous injections of fluorescent Cholera toxin B (CTB). Focal injections in different wing sites labeled tens to hundreds of DRG neurons (Figure S1). Notably, labeling from individual injections was found in cervical, mid-thoracic, and lower-thor ...
Dopamine Modulates the Activity of Sensory Hair Cells
... influences the activity of the auditory and vestibular systems and its site of action are not well understood. Here we show that dopaminergic efferent fibers innervate the acousticolateralis epithelium of the zebrafish during development but do not directly form synapses with hair cells. However, a ...
... influences the activity of the auditory and vestibular systems and its site of action are not well understood. Here we show that dopaminergic efferent fibers innervate the acousticolateralis epithelium of the zebrafish during development but do not directly form synapses with hair cells. However, a ...
Nerve activates contraction
... Axons and Nerve Impulses Axons end in axon terminals Axonal terminals ...
... Axons and Nerve Impulses Axons end in axon terminals Axonal terminals ...
Chemosensory pathways in the brainstem controlling
... Cardiorespiratory activity is controlled by a network of neurons located within the lower brainstem. The basic rhythm of breathing is generated by neuronal circuits within the medullary pre-Bötzinger complex, modulated by pontine and other inputs from cell groups within the medulla oblongata and th ...
... Cardiorespiratory activity is controlled by a network of neurons located within the lower brainstem. The basic rhythm of breathing is generated by neuronal circuits within the medullary pre-Bötzinger complex, modulated by pontine and other inputs from cell groups within the medulla oblongata and th ...
File - Joris Vangeneugden
... The behavioral paradigms will be based on existing human protocols (Lissek et al., 2014), but adapted for the mouse. In a first approach we will associate a tone of a particular frequency at either side of a range of frequencies (5 – 15 kHz) with a mild electric shock (1 sec, .6 mA; cf. previously p ...
... The behavioral paradigms will be based on existing human protocols (Lissek et al., 2014), but adapted for the mouse. In a first approach we will associate a tone of a particular frequency at either side of a range of frequencies (5 – 15 kHz) with a mild electric shock (1 sec, .6 mA; cf. previously p ...
9.14 Questions on chapter 1 of Brain Structure and Its
... 9) Explain how there is an organized representation of the surface of the entire body in cell groups at the dorsal-most end of the spinal cord. 10) Describe the sources of axons terminating in Clarke’s column (nucleus dorsalis) of the spinal cord from the lower limbs. What ascending fiber tract orig ...
... 9) Explain how there is an organized representation of the surface of the entire body in cell groups at the dorsal-most end of the spinal cord. 10) Describe the sources of axons terminating in Clarke’s column (nucleus dorsalis) of the spinal cord from the lower limbs. What ascending fiber tract orig ...
From the Eye to the Brain: Development of the Drosophila
... columnar structures resulting from the columnar inputs of the medulla neurons (Fischbach & Dittrich, 1989). Almost all lobula cells are projection neurons whose cell bodies are located between the CB and the lobula neuropil. Interestingly, despite the cell bodies’ varying distance to the lobula, the ...
... columnar structures resulting from the columnar inputs of the medulla neurons (Fischbach & Dittrich, 1989). Almost all lobula cells are projection neurons whose cell bodies are located between the CB and the lobula neuropil. Interestingly, despite the cell bodies’ varying distance to the lobula, the ...
A Candidate Pathway for a Visual Instructional Signal to the Barn
... located within the circle marked by arrowheads; stained terminal structures are marked by the arrow. Giemsa counterstain; scale bar, 100 m. least 4 hr were allowed for transport. After fixation, brains and slices were sectioned on a cryostat at 60 m, and the biocytin was visualized with a heav y-m ...
... located within the circle marked by arrowheads; stained terminal structures are marked by the arrow. Giemsa counterstain; scale bar, 100 m. least 4 hr were allowed for transport. After fixation, brains and slices were sectioned on a cryostat at 60 m, and the biocytin was visualized with a heav y-m ...
Role of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus in rat whisker pad
... In a separate group of anesthetized animals, the spontaneous electrical activities of TMnu neurons were analyzed by extracellular recordings during spontaneous movements of the macrovibrissae. Mesencephalic neurons (TMne) were previously identified by their responses to masseter muscle stretching. C ...
... In a separate group of anesthetized animals, the spontaneous electrical activities of TMnu neurons were analyzed by extracellular recordings during spontaneous movements of the macrovibrissae. Mesencephalic neurons (TMne) were previously identified by their responses to masseter muscle stretching. C ...
In vivo two-photon calcium imaging of neuronal networks
... because of the difficulties of direct real-time monitoring of network activity. So far, the function of neuronal networks in vivo has been assessed mostly by extracellular multielectrode recordings (1) or by large-scale brain imaging techniques, including functional magnetic resonance imaging, posit ...
... because of the difficulties of direct real-time monitoring of network activity. So far, the function of neuronal networks in vivo has been assessed mostly by extracellular multielectrode recordings (1) or by large-scale brain imaging techniques, including functional magnetic resonance imaging, posit ...
Orcokinin peptides in developing and adult crustacean
... Because the orcokinin antisera used for immunocytochemistry (Dircksen et al., 2000) do not distinguish among several structurally distinct peptide forms, biochemical characterization of the peptides in different tissues and species allows us to determine unambiguously which of the peptides are found ...
... Because the orcokinin antisera used for immunocytochemistry (Dircksen et al., 2000) do not distinguish among several structurally distinct peptide forms, biochemical characterization of the peptides in different tissues and species allows us to determine unambiguously which of the peptides are found ...
Document
... Sensory neuron – transmits the afferent impulse to the CNS Integration center – either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS Motor neuron – conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector Effector – muscle fiber or gland that responds to the efferent ...
... Sensory neuron – transmits the afferent impulse to the CNS Integration center – either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS Motor neuron – conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector Effector – muscle fiber or gland that responds to the efferent ...
What is Nervous System Fatigue and How do I Prevent it
... What is Nervous System Fatigue and How do I Prevent it? Young – Elitetrack.com Nervous system fatigue can be grouped into 2 categories, peripheral and central. Central nervous system (CNS) fatigue is neural fatigue originating in the brain, brain stem, spinal cord, or spinal nerves. The exact mechan ...
... What is Nervous System Fatigue and How do I Prevent it? Young – Elitetrack.com Nervous system fatigue can be grouped into 2 categories, peripheral and central. Central nervous system (CNS) fatigue is neural fatigue originating in the brain, brain stem, spinal cord, or spinal nerves. The exact mechan ...