Functional Microarchitecture of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... We found that preferred direction, preferred orientation, and orientation tuning width were more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, relative modulation (F1/DC), and spatial frequency preference and tuning width showed no such ...
... We found that preferred direction, preferred orientation, and orientation tuning width were more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, relative modulation (F1/DC), and spatial frequency preference and tuning width showed no such ...
Module 10 - Neuronal Signalling
... their day-by-day computational functions while retaining the ability to form memories by suddenly modifying this capacity to process information. The section on hypothalamic pituitary regulation describes the interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems. The hypothalamus contains neurons th ...
... their day-by-day computational functions while retaining the ability to form memories by suddenly modifying this capacity to process information. The section on hypothalamic pituitary regulation describes the interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems. The hypothalamus contains neurons th ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... dendrites of neurons in the nucleus laminaris of the chick brainstem were cut. This elimination of excitatory input by deafferentation causes retraction of the ventral dendrites whereas the dorsal dendrites, which retain innervation, remain unchanged (Benes et al., 1977; Deitch and Rubel, 1984). The ...
... dendrites of neurons in the nucleus laminaris of the chick brainstem were cut. This elimination of excitatory input by deafferentation causes retraction of the ventral dendrites whereas the dorsal dendrites, which retain innervation, remain unchanged (Benes et al., 1977; Deitch and Rubel, 1984). The ...
The role of the basal ganglia in reinforcement learning
... cells, receive their major excitatory input from the cortex and the thalamus and project to both segments of the globus pallidus and SNr. In addition their axons give rise to a local collateral arborization, which contact other spiny neurons (8). Other striatal neurons are the small GABAergic intern ...
... cells, receive their major excitatory input from the cortex and the thalamus and project to both segments of the globus pallidus and SNr. In addition their axons give rise to a local collateral arborization, which contact other spiny neurons (8). Other striatal neurons are the small GABAergic intern ...
Anatomy and Physiology Challenge Exam Study Guidelines
... Compare the functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Describe the organization of preganglionic neurons, autonomic ganglia, and postganglionic neurons. Describe the neurotransmitters released by autonomic neurons and the different receptor types. Explai ...
... Compare the functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Describe the organization of preganglionic neurons, autonomic ganglia, and postganglionic neurons. Describe the neurotransmitters released by autonomic neurons and the different receptor types. Explai ...
Activity dynamics and behavioral correlates of CA3 and CA1
... Levenex, 2007). These fundamental structural differences between the two regions suggest distinct computational roles (McNaughton and Morris, 1987; Barnes et al., 1990; O’Reilly and McClelland, 1994; Rolls and Kesner, 2006). However, whether such differences arise from intrinsic properties of single ...
... Levenex, 2007). These fundamental structural differences between the two regions suggest distinct computational roles (McNaughton and Morris, 1987; Barnes et al., 1990; O’Reilly and McClelland, 1994; Rolls and Kesner, 2006). However, whether such differences arise from intrinsic properties of single ...
Test Bank 1
... 25. The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________. a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently b. receive messages from outside the neuron and carry them to the cell nucleus c. provide a place for neural respiration and cell metabolism to occur d. provide a soft ...
... 25. The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________. a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently b. receive messages from outside the neuron and carry them to the cell nucleus c. provide a place for neural respiration and cell metabolism to occur d. provide a soft ...
Independent Functions of Slit–Robo Repulsion and Netrin– Frazzled
... commissural axons toward and across the midline, whereas Slit signals through Robo family receptors to prevent commissural axons from recrossing the midline, as well as to prevent ipsilateral axons from ever crossing. Recent evidence from both Xenopus neuronal cell culture and Drosophila genetics ha ...
... commissural axons toward and across the midline, whereas Slit signals through Robo family receptors to prevent commissural axons from recrossing the midline, as well as to prevent ipsilateral axons from ever crossing. Recent evidence from both Xenopus neuronal cell culture and Drosophila genetics ha ...
Ear manipulations help model neuroplasticity limitations
... Connecting Sensory Organs with the Central Nervous System Sensory organs send information about the outside world to specified nuclei in the central nervous system (CNS). In turn, the CNS sends information back to certain sensory organs to modulate the incoming signal. For example, the retina of man ...
... Connecting Sensory Organs with the Central Nervous System Sensory organs send information about the outside world to specified nuclei in the central nervous system (CNS). In turn, the CNS sends information back to certain sensory organs to modulate the incoming signal. For example, the retina of man ...
The Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) in Parkinson`s Disease
... In rats, cholinergic neurons contribute to the PPN projections to medullary and pontine reticular formation (Rye et al., 1988, JCN 269: 315). Some of these neurons send axon collaterals to the thalamus (Semba et al., 1990, Neuroscience, 38:643). In rats, PPN projections to cervical spinal cord o ...
... In rats, cholinergic neurons contribute to the PPN projections to medullary and pontine reticular formation (Rye et al., 1988, JCN 269: 315). Some of these neurons send axon collaterals to the thalamus (Semba et al., 1990, Neuroscience, 38:643). In rats, PPN projections to cervical spinal cord o ...
Role of the Indirect Pathway of the Basal Ganglia
... the baseline input, c (between 0 and 100%) is the coherence level, and A (60 Hz) and B (20 Hz) are proportionality factors (Wang, 2002). Cortical outputs project to a model SC with two excitatory projection units, SCL and SCR. The decision time is defined as the time interval between the start of ...
... the baseline input, c (between 0 and 100%) is the coherence level, and A (60 Hz) and B (20 Hz) are proportionality factors (Wang, 2002). Cortical outputs project to a model SC with two excitatory projection units, SCL and SCR. The decision time is defined as the time interval between the start of ...
What clinical disorders tell us about the neural
... Fig. 1 (A) Representative record of a 10 horizontal saccade made by a normal subject. In this and subsequent figures, positive values indicate rightward, upward or clockwise eye rotations from the subject’s viewpoint. Position (blue) and velocity (red) records are shown. (B) Simulated 10 horizonta ...
... Fig. 1 (A) Representative record of a 10 horizontal saccade made by a normal subject. In this and subsequent figures, positive values indicate rightward, upward or clockwise eye rotations from the subject’s viewpoint. Position (blue) and velocity (red) records are shown. (B) Simulated 10 horizonta ...
Ethanol Potentiation of Glycine-Induced Responses in Dissociated
... fetal alcohol syndrome/fetal alcohol effects are neurobehavioral disturbances, such as hyperactivity, learning disabilities, depression, and psychosis (Clarren and Smith, 1978). The mechanisms underlying EtOH effects on the developing human brain, however, are poorly understood. According to a very ...
... fetal alcohol syndrome/fetal alcohol effects are neurobehavioral disturbances, such as hyperactivity, learning disabilities, depression, and psychosis (Clarren and Smith, 1978). The mechanisms underlying EtOH effects on the developing human brain, however, are poorly understood. According to a very ...
Dokument_1 - KLUEDO - Technische Universität Kaiserslautern
... The SOC is the first station where the information from both ears converges (review: Illing et al., 2000). It consists of several nuclei, and the main ones are the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), the medial superior olive (MSO), the lateral superior olive (LSO), and the superior paraoli ...
... The SOC is the first station where the information from both ears converges (review: Illing et al., 2000). It consists of several nuclei, and the main ones are the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), the medial superior olive (MSO), the lateral superior olive (LSO), and the superior paraoli ...
1 - Test Bank
... 25. The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________. a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently Correct: The myelin sheath protects and insulates the neuron, and helps to speed up the process of neural communication. b. receive messages from outside the neuron and ...
... 25. The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________. a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently Correct: The myelin sheath protects and insulates the neuron, and helps to speed up the process of neural communication. b. receive messages from outside the neuron and ...
[Ca2+]c dynamics in spontaneously firing dopamine neurons of the
... The isolated SNc cells were incubated with 2-5 µM fura-2-AM at room temperature (20-24°C) for 20-35 minutes. After that, the cells were washed with normal physiological salt solution twice. All cells were used within 3 hours of isolation. Single cell fluorescence intensity was measured using an Olym ...
... The isolated SNc cells were incubated with 2-5 µM fura-2-AM at room temperature (20-24°C) for 20-35 minutes. After that, the cells were washed with normal physiological salt solution twice. All cells were used within 3 hours of isolation. Single cell fluorescence intensity was measured using an Olym ...
The circadian visual system, 2005
... The entire visual system has been intact in all studies to date that involve “temporal integration.” Therefore, there is presently no information regarding the extent to which the integration mechanism includes or excludes the retina, SCN, IGL, visual midbrain, the serotonergic or other systems. Uni ...
... The entire visual system has been intact in all studies to date that involve “temporal integration.” Therefore, there is presently no information regarding the extent to which the integration mechanism includes or excludes the retina, SCN, IGL, visual midbrain, the serotonergic or other systems. Uni ...
Session 230 IOP Measurement and characterization I
... termini in SC and trabecular meshwork (TM). Neuronal activity in response to pressure elevation was assessed using fluorescent neuronal activation sensors (GCaMP). To do this, eyes were cannulated and held at pressures of 13 and 33 mmHg for 30 minutes followed by fixation, immunolabeling and confoca ...
... termini in SC and trabecular meshwork (TM). Neuronal activity in response to pressure elevation was assessed using fluorescent neuronal activation sensors (GCaMP). To do this, eyes were cannulated and held at pressures of 13 and 33 mmHg for 30 minutes followed by fixation, immunolabeling and confoca ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
... Avians also exhibit a similar state, though the average duration of REM sleep-like episodes (often less than 10 seconds) and the total percentage of time spent in such a state is less as compared to mammalian REM sleep (about 5% of the total sleep time as compared to 15-30 % in mammals)19. Further, ...
... Avians also exhibit a similar state, though the average duration of REM sleep-like episodes (often less than 10 seconds) and the total percentage of time spent in such a state is less as compared to mammalian REM sleep (about 5% of the total sleep time as compared to 15-30 % in mammals)19. Further, ...
Spinal sympathetic interneurons: Their identification and roles after
... brainstem are lost. Sympathetic activity after spinal cord injury is enigmatic because it ranges from abnormally low, leading to bouts of hypotension, to abnormally high, leading to hypertensive crises (Mathias and Frankel, 1992). One characteristic upon which there appears to be little disagreement ...
... brainstem are lost. Sympathetic activity after spinal cord injury is enigmatic because it ranges from abnormally low, leading to bouts of hypotension, to abnormally high, leading to hypertensive crises (Mathias and Frankel, 1992). One characteristic upon which there appears to be little disagreement ...
Anatomy of Neuropsychiatry : The New Anatomy of the
... Lennart undertook what was supposed to be a brief course of research at the Anatomical Institute with Knut Larsson studying the effects on the sexual behavior of rats of lesions in the preoptic area. Soon finding himself mystified by the diverse, seemingly kaleidoscopic range of behavioral effects p ...
... Lennart undertook what was supposed to be a brief course of research at the Anatomical Institute with Knut Larsson studying the effects on the sexual behavior of rats of lesions in the preoptic area. Soon finding himself mystified by the diverse, seemingly kaleidoscopic range of behavioral effects p ...
Neural correlates of stimulus–response and response–outcome
... same block were averaged together. In this way, free- and forcedchoice trials were matched for direction, outcome and position in block. To represent population activity, we first binned the firing rate of each neuron, from the beginning of each trial to the end of each trial. Then we subtracted the ...
... same block were averaged together. In this way, free- and forcedchoice trials were matched for direction, outcome and position in block. To represent population activity, we first binned the firing rate of each neuron, from the beginning of each trial to the end of each trial. Then we subtracted the ...
Serotonin in Affective Control
... play a key role in energizing and organizing the relevant behaviors. The As neurons project to an interneuron pair (called A4) which is responsible for avoidance turns, and thereby influence the instantiation and direction of such turns. During escape swimming, which is induced by stronger noxious s ...
... play a key role in energizing and organizing the relevant behaviors. The As neurons project to an interneuron pair (called A4) which is responsible for avoidance turns, and thereby influence the instantiation and direction of such turns. During escape swimming, which is induced by stronger noxious s ...
... human GAD65, as described previously [4]. SPS patientderived sera (n = 7) were provided by Dr M. Dalakas (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (USA) and Professor A. Vincent (University of Oxford, UK); and TID patient-derived sera (n = 6) were provided by Dr M. Atkinson (U ...