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The Nervous System - McGraw Hill Higher Education
The Nervous System - McGraw Hill Higher Education

... 27-14 Describe the location and function of cerebrospinal fluid. 27-15 Describe various disorders of the nervous system and how they are diagnosed and treated. ...
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... degenerate. When these neurons degenerate, the source of DA that usually goes from the substantia nigra to the striatum, a region involved in motor regulation, is lost. This loss of DA is manifested in the profound loss of motor initiation and control in Parksinsons patients, resulting in multiple s ...
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... past several years have demonstrated that the baroreceptor response may be mediated by the excitatory amino acid L-glutamate19"23 and not by monoaminergic nor cholinergic inputs,23"27 although these agents may modulate the response (as may the various peptides innervating the area). On the other han ...
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Human Cortex: Reflections of Mirror Neurons
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... during movement execution as well as during movement observation; hence cortical areas that exhibit responses during both tasks are likely to contain mirror neurons. While this logic seems solid, these protocols are actually very limited in their ability to isolate mirror neuron activity. The proble ...
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3 Anatomy of the Nervous System
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... The brain and spinal cord (the CNS) are the most protected organs in the body. They are encased in bone and covered by three protective membranes, the three meninges (pronounced “men-IN-gees”). The outer meninx (which, believe it or not, is the singular of meninges) is a tough membrane called the du ...
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Circumventricular organs

Circumventricular organs (CVOs) are structures in the brain that are characterized by their extensive vasculature and lack of a normal blood brain barrier (BBB). The CVOs allow for the linkage between the central nervous system and peripheral blood flow; additionally they are an integral part of neuroendocrine function. The lack of a blood brain barrier allows the CVOs to act as an alternative route for peptides and hormones in the neural tissue to the peripheral blood stream, while still protecting it from toxic substances. CVOs can be classified into (a) sensory and (b) secretory organs. The sensory organs include the area postrema (AP), the subfornical organ (SFO) and the vascular organ of lamina terminalis. They have the ability to sense plasma molecules and then pass that information into other regions of the brain. Through this, they provide direct information to the autonomic nervous system from the systemic circulation. The secretory organs include the subcommissural organ (SCO), the posterior pituitary, the pineal gland, the median eminence and the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. These organs are responsible for secreting hormones and glycoproteins into the peripheral vascular system using feedback from both the brain environment and external stimuli.All of the circumventricular organs, besides the SCO, contain extensive vasculature and fenestrated capillaries which leads to a ‘leaky’ BBB at the site of the organs. Furthermore, all CVOs contain neural tissue, allowing them to play a role in the neuroendocrine system. It is highly debated if the choroid plexus can be included as a CVO. It has a high concentration of fenestrated capillaries, but its lack of neural tissue and its primary role of producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) usually excludes the choroid plexus from the CVO classification.Research has also linked CVOs to body fluid regulation, cardiovascular functions, immune responses, thirst, feeding behavior and reproductive behavior.
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