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Ch12.Nervous.Tissue_1
Ch12.Nervous.Tissue_1

... Neuroglia in the CNS • Astrocytes  most abundant glial cell type – Sense when neurons release glutamate – Extract blood sugar from capillaries for energy – Take up & release ions to control environment around neurons – Involved in synapse formation in developing neural tissue – Produce molecules n ...
General Physiology
General Physiology

... Homeostatic control systems are body components that generate compensatory regulatory responses to maintain relatively stable conditions of the internal environment • they are subject to nervous and endocrine control • homeostatic control systems have three components. They are: o detectors/sensors ...
Proposal - people.vcu.edu
Proposal - people.vcu.edu

... Zebrafish are a model organism, which has been the subject of scientific inquiry for some time. The development of neurons has always been an area of interest when trying to understand the human brain and zebrafish are an excellent media to learn about the human nervous system. In zebrafish, neurons ...
Brain development
Brain development

... Increases the speed of neural conduction Begins before birth in primary motor and sensory areas Continues into adolescence in certain brain regions (e.g., frontal lobes) ...
L19-Physiology of the Proprioceptors in Balance
L19-Physiology of the Proprioceptors in Balance

... balance. ...
The auditory pathway: Levels of integration of information and
The auditory pathway: Levels of integration of information and

... Although the ascending (afferent) AP is better known, the ear has a descending (efferent) pathway as well, with neurons running parallel to the former. Even though little is known about this pathway, it is deemed to regulate the AC function with the lower auditory centers and Corti’s organ. The effe ...
Neuroanatomy and function of brain structures involved in the
Neuroanatomy and function of brain structures involved in the

... a pituitary autograft without hypothalamic connections can maintain the pseudopregnancy and corpora lutea. He postulated the existence of a hypothalamic factor which is released into the portal blood and inhibits the PRL secretion. Soon it was realized that this inhibiting factor is dopamine (DA). D ...
Neural and Voluntary Control of Breathing
Neural and Voluntary Control of Breathing

... Neural Control of Breathing • This topic is still “unsettled” science // exact mechanism for setting the rhythm of respiration remains unknown • Currently, we understand there are three neural circuits (nuclei) within the brain stem which influence breathing – Dorsal respiratory group – Ventral res ...
The role of Pitx3 in survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons
The role of Pitx3 in survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons

... The mDA system (A8–A10 cell groups) is involved in many brain functions including motor control, reward, emotional and motivated behavior, and is of clinical importance because of its implication in neurological and psychiatric disorders. The A9 cell group located in the substantia nigra pars compac ...
OTTO LOEWI
OTTO LOEWI

... along the axon. It was actually making sense to imagine electrical synapses. Unfortunately there were three important arguments against such simple picture of the nervous system. The first is the unidirectional flow of information in a neural chain: this flow is always in the axo-dendritic or axo-so ...
Lectin and Peptide Expression in Nodose
Lectin and Peptide Expression in Nodose

... these two autonomic ganglia largely rule out somatosensory innervation. Peptidergic neurons play a role in a modulatory interaction between the peripheral autonomic and sensory system (14). A small number of co-localizations of GSA I-B4 and neuropeptides have been reported in the nervous system (10, ...
ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels in the Brain: Sensors of
ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels in the Brain: Sensors of

... mellitus also close the KATP channels to stimulate insulin secretion. In heart cells, on the other hand, the decreased cytosolic ATP concentration during ischemia or hypoxia promotes K+ efflux from the cells by activating the KATP channels, which rapidly dampens excitability by shortening the action ...
text
text

... and a descending branch that carry information about crude touch, two point discrimination and vibration. The dorsal column consists of fasciculus gracilis (legs) medially and fasciculus cuneatus (arms) laterally. These fibers end in the medulla, in N.gracilis and N.Cuneatus. Second order neurons se ...
A. Sensation
A. Sensation

... Types of Pain (fast and slow) 1. fast pain a. occurs very rapidly after stimulus is applied b. acute, sharp, or prickling pain (knife cut, needle puncture) c. not felt in deeper tissues of body 2. slow pain a. begins a second or more after a stimulus is applied and then gradually increases in intens ...
The Nervous System
The Nervous System

... Schwann’s cells ...
chapt14_HumanBiology14e_lecture
chapt14_HumanBiology14e_lecture

... • Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) – space between meninges is filled with this fluid that cushions and protects the CNS ...
Introduction slides - Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit
Introduction slides - Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit

... fun begins! ...
Anat3_08_Autonomic_Nervous_System1
Anat3_08_Autonomic_Nervous_System1

... increasing (exciting) or decreasing (inhibiting) activities in the effector tissues (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands).  Examples of autonomic motor responses include: changes in the diameter of the pupils, dilation and constriction of blood vessels, adjustment of the rate and force of the ...
Skeletal System
Skeletal System

... two motor neurons that innervate same visceral organs but cause essentially opposite effects If one division stimulates certain smooth muscle to contract or a gland to secrete, the other division inhibits that action Through this process of duel innervation the two systems counterbalance each other ...
Nervous System
Nervous System

... 1. Nervous system and endocrine system are the chief control centers in maintaining body homeostasis. 2. Nervous system uses electrical signals (nerve impulses) which produce immediate (but short- lived) responses; endocrine system uses chemical signals (hormones) that produce slower ( but long last ...
Optimization of neuronal cultures derived from human
Optimization of neuronal cultures derived from human

... MANTRA system or on a fluorescence microscope imaging system. For both systems, fluorescence imaging was performed in parallel with field stimulation trains. Immunofluorescence analysis was performed at different time points to evaluate the expression and localization of presynaptic proteins and the ...
On the Significance of Neuronal Giantism in Gastropods
On the Significance of Neuronal Giantism in Gastropods

... The larger modern gastropods are thus truly somatomorphic giants; their greater body size demands enhanced innervation of the periphery. In most large species, this need is met largely by an increase in brain size and neuron number; even in the opisthobranch/pulmonate line, the number of neurons (an ...
Interactions of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and
Interactions of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and

... In a search for novel peptides regulating the release of pituitary hormones, Tsutsui’s laboratory isolated a native peptide from quail brain which was confirmed as a 12 amino acid sequence (SIKPSAYLPLRFamide) with RFamide at the C-terminus (Tsutsui et al., 2000; and see Tsutsui et al., 2006a, this i ...
Document
Document

... Most of the NE released is reabsorbed by the neruon (50-80%) reabsorbed NE is re-used or broken down by MAO (monoamine oxidase) the rest diffuses away and is broken down by COMT in the tissues ...
Brains of Primitive Chordates - CIHR Research Group in Sensory
Brains of Primitive Chordates - CIHR Research Group in Sensory

... tripartite organization, consisting of a rostral ganglion (termed the cerebral ganglion in appendicularians and the sensory vesicle in ascidians), a caudal ganglion (termed the visceral ganglion in ascidians), and a caudal nerve cord. This organization is maintained throughout life in appendicularia ...
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Circumventricular organs

Circumventricular organs (CVOs) are structures in the brain that are characterized by their extensive vasculature and lack of a normal blood brain barrier (BBB). The CVOs allow for the linkage between the central nervous system and peripheral blood flow; additionally they are an integral part of neuroendocrine function. The lack of a blood brain barrier allows the CVOs to act as an alternative route for peptides and hormones in the neural tissue to the peripheral blood stream, while still protecting it from toxic substances. CVOs can be classified into (a) sensory and (b) secretory organs. The sensory organs include the area postrema (AP), the subfornical organ (SFO) and the vascular organ of lamina terminalis. They have the ability to sense plasma molecules and then pass that information into other regions of the brain. Through this, they provide direct information to the autonomic nervous system from the systemic circulation. The secretory organs include the subcommissural organ (SCO), the posterior pituitary, the pineal gland, the median eminence and the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. These organs are responsible for secreting hormones and glycoproteins into the peripheral vascular system using feedback from both the brain environment and external stimuli.All of the circumventricular organs, besides the SCO, contain extensive vasculature and fenestrated capillaries which leads to a ‘leaky’ BBB at the site of the organs. Furthermore, all CVOs contain neural tissue, allowing them to play a role in the neuroendocrine system. It is highly debated if the choroid plexus can be included as a CVO. It has a high concentration of fenestrated capillaries, but its lack of neural tissue and its primary role of producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) usually excludes the choroid plexus from the CVO classification.Research has also linked CVOs to body fluid regulation, cardiovascular functions, immune responses, thirst, feeding behavior and reproductive behavior.
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