The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a structure
... processing, such as the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampal formation. This information only becomes a stressor once it has been processed and compared to prior events in one’s experience. The BNST also receives “systemic” stressor information, i.e. hypotension or hemorrhage. This input comes dire ...
... processing, such as the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampal formation. This information only becomes a stressor once it has been processed and compared to prior events in one’s experience. The BNST also receives “systemic” stressor information, i.e. hypotension or hemorrhage. This input comes dire ...
STUDY STATION 1: Skeletal and Muscular System (pg
... Where does most nutrient absorption occur? How does the structure of this organ relate to its function? ...
... Where does most nutrient absorption occur? How does the structure of this organ relate to its function? ...
Repetition and the brain: neural models of stimulus
... The purpose of this review is to consider several kinds of neural models that have been proposed to account for repetition suppression (RS). We focus primarily on studies using visually presented objects and their effects on the ventral object processing stream, to maximize overlap between monkey an ...
... The purpose of this review is to consider several kinds of neural models that have been proposed to account for repetition suppression (RS). We focus primarily on studies using visually presented objects and their effects on the ventral object processing stream, to maximize overlap between monkey an ...
Investigating - The Biotechnology Institute
... signals travel from neuron to neuron to design drugs. For example, they might design a drug that blocks ion channels and prevents the action potential so the sensation of pain is not transmitted to the brain; that is how a local anesthetic works. Next you will read about two examples of drugs that e ...
... signals travel from neuron to neuron to design drugs. For example, they might design a drug that blocks ion channels and prevents the action potential so the sensation of pain is not transmitted to the brain; that is how a local anesthetic works. Next you will read about two examples of drugs that e ...
Olfaction
... membrane in the human nose whose primary function is to detect odorants in inhaled air ...
... membrane in the human nose whose primary function is to detect odorants in inhaled air ...
Interferon beta: Star protein in the battle against multiple
... great fatigue and sometimes paralysis, and are the consequence of damage caused to the optical nerve and the central nervous system. Both are made up of multitudes of "neurons". A neuron is a nerve cell that has a rather peculiar shape: the main "body" is shaped a little like a star from which protr ...
... great fatigue and sometimes paralysis, and are the consequence of damage caused to the optical nerve and the central nervous system. Both are made up of multitudes of "neurons". A neuron is a nerve cell that has a rather peculiar shape: the main "body" is shaped a little like a star from which protr ...
Target Selection
... • The spatial positioning of neurons are mapped in one very specific set of locations in the brain • The starting position of the innervating neuron will determine the position of it’s terminal within the target • Topographic maps exist to set up an continuity of visual (or auditory) space in ...
... • The spatial positioning of neurons are mapped in one very specific set of locations in the brain • The starting position of the innervating neuron will determine the position of it’s terminal within the target • Topographic maps exist to set up an continuity of visual (or auditory) space in ...
neocortex-basic neuron types
... By far the most common discharge response observed for both PCs and SSCs has been described as regular-spiking (RS, see Fig 1B1). Sustained supra-threshold currents cause these cells to fire repetitively with a progressive decrease in firing frequency [progressive increase in inter-spike intervals ( ...
... By far the most common discharge response observed for both PCs and SSCs has been described as regular-spiking (RS, see Fig 1B1). Sustained supra-threshold currents cause these cells to fire repetitively with a progressive decrease in firing frequency [progressive increase in inter-spike intervals ( ...
Physiology of the mormyrid ELL - Journal of Experimental Biology
... 1979). Complete blockade lasts for only 1–2 ms, but this brief corollary discharge inhibition is sufficient to block the reafferent response and to remove the interference that would have been caused by reafferent input (Bell and Grant, 1989). Ampullary electroreceptors are specialized for measuring ...
... 1979). Complete blockade lasts for only 1–2 ms, but this brief corollary discharge inhibition is sufficient to block the reafferent response and to remove the interference that would have been caused by reafferent input (Bell and Grant, 1989). Ampullary electroreceptors are specialized for measuring ...
Motor activity induced by disinhibition of the primary motor cortex of
... of the motor cortex have been shown to have extensive axon collaterals [7] which activate other pyramidal cells up to 1 mm away [12]. The expression of these horizontal connections in the cortex is normally weak because these fibers simultaneously activate GABA neurons. These neurons then project to ...
... of the motor cortex have been shown to have extensive axon collaterals [7] which activate other pyramidal cells up to 1 mm away [12]. The expression of these horizontal connections in the cortex is normally weak because these fibers simultaneously activate GABA neurons. These neurons then project to ...
The Muscular/Skeletal System
... • If the cartilage and its framework become weak through lack of nutrition or poor electrical charge, the structure will start to wilt. This will happen all over the body, leading to premature wrinkles and joint deterioration. " ...
... • If the cartilage and its framework become weak through lack of nutrition or poor electrical charge, the structure will start to wilt. This will happen all over the body, leading to premature wrinkles and joint deterioration. " ...
Sensory feedback for upper limb prostheses
... the problem of sensing its environment by having an initial set of afferent fibers that are selectively sensitive to different features of external stimuli and to different components of the internal state of the hand. An important principle that can be taken from this table is that the somatosensor ...
... the problem of sensing its environment by having an initial set of afferent fibers that are selectively sensitive to different features of external stimuli and to different components of the internal state of the hand. An important principle that can be taken from this table is that the somatosensor ...
Dopamine Neurons Mediate a Fast Excitatory Signal
... reward (Schultz, 1998), whereas reward uncertainty appears to be encoded by a crescendo of DA neuron activity between the conditioned stimulus and reward (Fiorillo et al., 2003). DA responses, which are typically slow (Benoit-Marand et al., 2001) and modulatory, do not mediate direct excitatory or i ...
... reward (Schultz, 1998), whereas reward uncertainty appears to be encoded by a crescendo of DA neuron activity between the conditioned stimulus and reward (Fiorillo et al., 2003). DA responses, which are typically slow (Benoit-Marand et al., 2001) and modulatory, do not mediate direct excitatory or i ...
Restoring axonal localization and transport of transmembrane
... (CNS) does not regenerate, several experimental interventions have been trialled with successful albeit limited instances of axonal repair. We highlight here some of these approaches including extracellular matrix (ECM) modification, cellular grafting, gene therapy-induced replacement of proteins, a ...
... (CNS) does not regenerate, several experimental interventions have been trialled with successful albeit limited instances of axonal repair. We highlight here some of these approaches including extracellular matrix (ECM) modification, cellular grafting, gene therapy-induced replacement of proteins, a ...
The Role of sema2a in the Neural Compensatory
... humans and other mammals, it can be useful to study the simpler systems found in insects and other animals. A better understanding of nervous system development can help scientists to learn how nervous systems react to and recover from injury. Considering the degree to which nervous system damage ca ...
... humans and other mammals, it can be useful to study the simpler systems found in insects and other animals. A better understanding of nervous system development can help scientists to learn how nervous systems react to and recover from injury. Considering the degree to which nervous system damage ca ...
Organization of Vertebrate Body Organization of
... Neuroglia do not conduct electrical impulses -Support and insulate neurons and eliminate foreign materials in and around neurons -Associate with axon to form an insulating cover called the myelin sheath -Gaps, known as nodes of Ranvier, are involved in acceleration of impulses ...
... Neuroglia do not conduct electrical impulses -Support and insulate neurons and eliminate foreign materials in and around neurons -Associate with axon to form an insulating cover called the myelin sheath -Gaps, known as nodes of Ranvier, are involved in acceleration of impulses ...
Overview of the Reticular Formation (RF)
... The cerebral cortex also affects our level of alertness via projections to these neurons, as can real or imaginary mental imagery. Finally, the cerebral cortex can inhibit other sensory input to allow us to focus our attention Neurotransmitter release: Aminergic neurons: Serotonergic – brainstem m ...
... The cerebral cortex also affects our level of alertness via projections to these neurons, as can real or imaginary mental imagery. Finally, the cerebral cortex can inhibit other sensory input to allow us to focus our attention Neurotransmitter release: Aminergic neurons: Serotonergic – brainstem m ...
Structural and Functional areas of the Medulla Oblongata
... face. Motor impulses the control chewing 2. Abducens: Motor impulses to the Lateral Rectus muscle. ...
... face. Motor impulses the control chewing 2. Abducens: Motor impulses to the Lateral Rectus muscle. ...
histology of the central nervous system
... except in early embryonic development. Bipolar neurons posses two processes emanating from the soma, a single dendrite and a single axon. Bipolar neurons are located in the vestibular and cochlear ganglia and in the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity. Pseudounipolar neurons posses only one pro ...
... except in early embryonic development. Bipolar neurons posses two processes emanating from the soma, a single dendrite and a single axon. Bipolar neurons are located in the vestibular and cochlear ganglia and in the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity. Pseudounipolar neurons posses only one pro ...
Chapter 13- The neural crest
... Neural crest cell fate depends largely on where they migrate The neural crest is a transient structure Potential cell fates include1. neurons and glia 2. medulla of adrenal gland (produces epinephrine) 3. Pigment cells of epidermis 4. Skeletal/connective tissue of head ...
... Neural crest cell fate depends largely on where they migrate The neural crest is a transient structure Potential cell fates include1. neurons and glia 2. medulla of adrenal gland (produces epinephrine) 3. Pigment cells of epidermis 4. Skeletal/connective tissue of head ...
A1982NC82200001
... or in experimental animals. Such activity should, in principle, be detectable by signal averaging methods if the brain activity related to movement could be adequately synchronized. “We initially observed movement-related p0tentials from scalp recordings overlying the motor cortex when brisk respons ...
... or in experimental animals. Such activity should, in principle, be detectable by signal averaging methods if the brain activity related to movement could be adequately synchronized. “We initially observed movement-related p0tentials from scalp recordings overlying the motor cortex when brisk respons ...
PELCH02
... Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neurons through the process of ...
... Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neurons through the process of ...
Neuron Structure and Function
... of the membrane cell membrane acts as a capacitor 2 conducting sheets separated by an insulating material - the closer the sheets the better the capacitor lipid bilayer is 7 nm thick therefore = excellent capacitor it takes time and current (charge) to charge the membrane capacitor as curr ...
... of the membrane cell membrane acts as a capacitor 2 conducting sheets separated by an insulating material - the closer the sheets the better the capacitor lipid bilayer is 7 nm thick therefore = excellent capacitor it takes time and current (charge) to charge the membrane capacitor as curr ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.