Highly Specific Olfactory Receptor Neurons for Types of Amino
... Group I ORN unit selectivity to amino acid type Ninety-three ORNs were recorded in 43 catfish that were excited by only one of the four types of amino acids tested at ⱕ10⫺5 M odorant concentrations (Fig. 1; Table 2). Approximately one third each of these neurons was selectively excited by either L-m ...
... Group I ORN unit selectivity to amino acid type Ninety-three ORNs were recorded in 43 catfish that were excited by only one of the four types of amino acids tested at ⱕ10⫺5 M odorant concentrations (Fig. 1; Table 2). Approximately one third each of these neurons was selectively excited by either L-m ...
a remnant chloroplast, with an References
... translate perceived actions into motor (and somatosensory [14,15,19]) representations of how and what others do. These simulated representations can later be interrogated by more deliberate mentalizing systems to reflect on why other people acted [2]. De Lange et al.’s [1] study now sheds further li ...
... translate perceived actions into motor (and somatosensory [14,15,19]) representations of how and what others do. These simulated representations can later be interrogated by more deliberate mentalizing systems to reflect on why other people acted [2]. De Lange et al.’s [1] study now sheds further li ...
Renal Physiology
... The Transport Maximum - There is a limit to the amount of solute that the renal tubule can reabsorb because there are limited numbers of transport proteins in the plasma membranes. - If all the transporters are occupied as solute molecules pass through, some solute will remain in the tubular fluid ...
... The Transport Maximum - There is a limit to the amount of solute that the renal tubule can reabsorb because there are limited numbers of transport proteins in the plasma membranes. - If all the transporters are occupied as solute molecules pass through, some solute will remain in the tubular fluid ...
Development of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses
... development (from P4). These synapses are believed to represent a substrate for waves of activity that propagate along chains of connected PCs (Watt et al. 2009). These travelling waves are absent in adult mice, therefore it has been proposed that they may have a developmental role in wiring cerebel ...
... development (from P4). These synapses are believed to represent a substrate for waves of activity that propagate along chains of connected PCs (Watt et al. 2009). These travelling waves are absent in adult mice, therefore it has been proposed that they may have a developmental role in wiring cerebel ...
Document
... the toes will usually curl downward. When UMN inhibition is removed, the toes will curl upward (Dorsiflexion). This is referred to as a positive Babinski or presence of Babinski’s sign. ...
... the toes will usually curl downward. When UMN inhibition is removed, the toes will curl upward (Dorsiflexion). This is referred to as a positive Babinski or presence of Babinski’s sign. ...
learning, Memory, and Cognition: Animal Perspectives
... typy are two close strategies and are not related to any great differences between the neural systems involved. It will be interesting to search for structures in the brain that differ in these two species and may be related to these two strategies. A particularly close connection between innate and ...
... typy are two close strategies and are not related to any great differences between the neural systems involved. It will be interesting to search for structures in the brain that differ in these two species and may be related to these two strategies. A particularly close connection between innate and ...
Neurons
... • Synthesized in the sympathetic system • Attach to adrenergic receptors – α1 receptors: constrict blood vessels – α2 receptors: negative feedback to stop neurotransmitter release – β1 receptors: speed and strengthen heart ...
... • Synthesized in the sympathetic system • Attach to adrenergic receptors – α1 receptors: constrict blood vessels – α2 receptors: negative feedback to stop neurotransmitter release – β1 receptors: speed and strengthen heart ...
Functional Sub-regions for Optic Flow Processing in the
... O. Brosseau-Lachaine, J. Faubert and C. Casanova ...
... O. Brosseau-Lachaine, J. Faubert and C. Casanova ...
NEUROGENESIS Y PLASTICIDAD DEL HIPOCAMPO ADULTO
... DIFFERENT FLAVORS FOR LIGHT-INDUCED DEPOLARIZATION ...
... DIFFERENT FLAVORS FOR LIGHT-INDUCED DEPOLARIZATION ...
chronic morphine exposure affects visual response latency of the
... inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission in many brain areas.20–23 Visual latency is affected by many of these inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms.24 It has been reported that spontaneous activity is higher and that the signal-to-noise ratio is lower in LGN cells from morphinetreated cats, which ...
... inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission in many brain areas.20–23 Visual latency is affected by many of these inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms.24 It has been reported that spontaneous activity is higher and that the signal-to-noise ratio is lower in LGN cells from morphinetreated cats, which ...
Implications in absence epileptic seizures
... nucleus provide a potent network for the control of absence seizures by basal ganglia. Pharmalogical blockade of excitatory inputs to nigrothalamic neurons leads to a transient interruption of SWDs by increasing the firing rate of thalamic cells and converting the SWDs into arrhythmic firing pattern ...
... nucleus provide a potent network for the control of absence seizures by basal ganglia. Pharmalogical blockade of excitatory inputs to nigrothalamic neurons leads to a transient interruption of SWDs by increasing the firing rate of thalamic cells and converting the SWDs into arrhythmic firing pattern ...
Lectin and Peptide Expression in Nodose
... autonomic and sensory system (14). A small number of co-localizations of GSA I-B4 and neuropeptides have been reported in the nervous system (10, 12). In this way the lectin-positive neurons in these autonomic ganglia may be involved in the interaction. This needs further investigation. Despite the ...
... autonomic and sensory system (14). A small number of co-localizations of GSA I-B4 and neuropeptides have been reported in the nervous system (10, 12). In this way the lectin-positive neurons in these autonomic ganglia may be involved in the interaction. This needs further investigation. Despite the ...
Motor pathways - autonomic Nervous system
... in both the synapse can be either on the same segment or in a different one (pathways 1 or 2) postganglionic unmyelinated fibers return via gray ramus to the spinal nerve (about 8% of each spinal nerve fibers are ...
... in both the synapse can be either on the same segment or in a different one (pathways 1 or 2) postganglionic unmyelinated fibers return via gray ramus to the spinal nerve (about 8% of each spinal nerve fibers are ...
Spinal Cord
... 3) Others: Transmit information between different levels of brain and spinal cord. ...
... 3) Others: Transmit information between different levels of brain and spinal cord. ...
The Somatosensory System
... • Pain and temperature • Ipsi face and contra hemibody • Medial medulla – Medial lemniscus = vibration, position sense ...
... • Pain and temperature • Ipsi face and contra hemibody • Medial medulla – Medial lemniscus = vibration, position sense ...
Odorant-induced Oscillations in the Mushroom Bodies of
... on the mushroom bodies have been carried out in the context of olfactory processing and learning, for the mushroom bodies are the main target neuropil of olfactory projection interneurons that originate in the glomerular antenna1 lobes (Christensen and Hildebrand, 1987; Masson and Mustaparta, 1990). ...
... on the mushroom bodies have been carried out in the context of olfactory processing and learning, for the mushroom bodies are the main target neuropil of olfactory projection interneurons that originate in the glomerular antenna1 lobes (Christensen and Hildebrand, 1987; Masson and Mustaparta, 1990). ...
Mechanisms of Plasticity of Inhibition in Chronic Pain Conditions
... The release of GABA/glycine can also be regulated by specific presynaptic receptors. In particular, GABAB and glutamate receptors are expressed on presynaptic inhibitory terminals and their activation can modulate the transmitter release (Chéry and De Koninck 2000; Kerchner et al. 2001; Hugel and Sc ...
... The release of GABA/glycine can also be regulated by specific presynaptic receptors. In particular, GABAB and glutamate receptors are expressed on presynaptic inhibitory terminals and their activation can modulate the transmitter release (Chéry and De Koninck 2000; Kerchner et al. 2001; Hugel and Sc ...
A Learning Rule for the Emergence of Stable Dynamics and Timing
... 2 or 4) progressively result in increasing instability. Learning rates were smaller than those in used in Fig. 2 to attempt to facilitate convergence. Note black line activity does not converge to 1, because not every neuron fired. This is because if each neuron only receives 1 synapse, some neurons ...
... 2 or 4) progressively result in increasing instability. Learning rates were smaller than those in used in Fig. 2 to attempt to facilitate convergence. Note black line activity does not converge to 1, because not every neuron fired. This is because if each neuron only receives 1 synapse, some neurons ...
Color responses of the human lateral geniculate nucleus: selective
... contrast space in which each axis represents the quantal catch of the L-, M- and S-cone types normalized with respect to the white background (i.e. cone contrast). Stimulus chromaticity is given by the vector direction and contrast by vector length within the cone contrast space. Three cardinal stim ...
... contrast space in which each axis represents the quantal catch of the L-, M- and S-cone types normalized with respect to the white background (i.e. cone contrast). Stimulus chromaticity is given by the vector direction and contrast by vector length within the cone contrast space. Three cardinal stim ...
Learning pattern recognition and decision making in the insect brain
... in the brain [6, 7, 8]. In this paper we want to elaborate on the decision making mechanisms that require learning using the most primitive form of all sensory modalities: chemical sensing. This is the sensory modality that coexisted with all forms of life on earth, from the living bacterias to the ...
... in the brain [6, 7, 8]. In this paper we want to elaborate on the decision making mechanisms that require learning using the most primitive form of all sensory modalities: chemical sensing. This is the sensory modality that coexisted with all forms of life on earth, from the living bacterias to the ...
Missed connections: photoreceptor axon seeks target neuron for
... eye contains 8 photoreceptor cells, which project their axons directly into the brain in a retinotopic manner. The outer photoreceptors R1–R6 all express the same Rhodopsin and project into the first optic neuropil, the lamina, which mediates image formation and motion detection [3,4] (Figure 1a). B ...
... eye contains 8 photoreceptor cells, which project their axons directly into the brain in a retinotopic manner. The outer photoreceptors R1–R6 all express the same Rhodopsin and project into the first optic neuropil, the lamina, which mediates image formation and motion detection [3,4] (Figure 1a). B ...
Spiking Neurons - Computing Science and Mathematics
... In other areas of the brain the wiring pattern looks different . In all areas, however, neurons of different sizes and shapes form the basic elements. A typical neuron has three parts, called dendritic tree, soma, and axon; see Figure 1.2. Roughly speaking, signals from other neurons arrive onto the ...
... In other areas of the brain the wiring pattern looks different . In all areas, however, neurons of different sizes and shapes form the basic elements. A typical neuron has three parts, called dendritic tree, soma, and axon; see Figure 1.2. Roughly speaking, signals from other neurons arrive onto the ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 16.1 Scanning electron micrograph of a
... FIGURE 16.2 Multiple guidance cues direct spinal cord commissural axons during neural development. (A) This original drawing by Cajal illustrates neuronal pathways in the developing chick spinal cord, showing several commissural axons extending to the ventral spinal cord and crossing the floor plate ...
... FIGURE 16.2 Multiple guidance cues direct spinal cord commissural axons during neural development. (A) This original drawing by Cajal illustrates neuronal pathways in the developing chick spinal cord, showing several commissural axons extending to the ventral spinal cord and crossing the floor plate ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.