Smell and Taste
... (a) Taste buds line the trenches around tiny bumps on the tongue called papillae. There are three types of papillae, which are distributed on the tongue as shown in (b). The taste buds found in each type of papillae show slightly different sensitivities to the four basic tastes, as mapped out in th ...
... (a) Taste buds line the trenches around tiny bumps on the tongue called papillae. There are three types of papillae, which are distributed on the tongue as shown in (b). The taste buds found in each type of papillae show slightly different sensitivities to the four basic tastes, as mapped out in th ...
Nervous system
... The ANS ( in association with the endocrine system ) is primarily responsible for maintaining a nearly constant internal environment of the body , regardless of the changes that take place in the external environment . This is done by regulation of the activities of smooth muscle , cardiac m. & cert ...
... The ANS ( in association with the endocrine system ) is primarily responsible for maintaining a nearly constant internal environment of the body , regardless of the changes that take place in the external environment . This is done by regulation of the activities of smooth muscle , cardiac m. & cert ...
Untitled
... the cerebral cortex to particular subcellular domains of the target cells. This suggests that compartmentalized, synapse specific action of GABA is required in cortical networks for phasic inhibition. However, GABA released at the synaptic cleft diffuses to receptors outside the postsynaptic density ...
... the cerebral cortex to particular subcellular domains of the target cells. This suggests that compartmentalized, synapse specific action of GABA is required in cortical networks for phasic inhibition. However, GABA released at the synaptic cleft diffuses to receptors outside the postsynaptic density ...
Swim Initiation Neurons in Tritonia diomedea1
... As reported previously (Frost and Katz, 1996), directly activating DRI using intracellular stimulation elicits the swim motor program (Fig. 2), while hyperpolarizing a single DRI prevents the nerve shock-elicited motor program. These findings satisfy the most stringent criteria for inclusion of DRI ...
... As reported previously (Frost and Katz, 1996), directly activating DRI using intracellular stimulation elicits the swim motor program (Fig. 2), while hyperpolarizing a single DRI prevents the nerve shock-elicited motor program. These findings satisfy the most stringent criteria for inclusion of DRI ...
The Central Nervous System
... Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • Hydrocephaly- ‘water on the brain’. • CSF is normally drained at a constant rate from the brain. Any obstruction may lead to accumulation with pressure build up in the cranium and exerts pressure on the brain tissue. • In an infant with unclosed fontanels, the fluid will ...
... Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • Hydrocephaly- ‘water on the brain’. • CSF is normally drained at a constant rate from the brain. Any obstruction may lead to accumulation with pressure build up in the cranium and exerts pressure on the brain tissue. • In an infant with unclosed fontanels, the fluid will ...
Discussion and future directions
... to one input pattern. Note an important difference between learning with a SOM of continuous, rate-coding neurons and a SOM consisting of spiking neurons. While in the former an input pattern is mapped onto a single neuron that has the maximum activation, in the later, any pattern similar to the bes ...
... to one input pattern. Note an important difference between learning with a SOM of continuous, rate-coding neurons and a SOM consisting of spiking neurons. While in the former an input pattern is mapped onto a single neuron that has the maximum activation, in the later, any pattern similar to the bes ...
15. Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System
... This section of the text reinforces the concept of thoracolumbar control. Although you do not need to memorize specific pathways, you should understand the general point illustrated by Fig. 15.6. Notice that all preganglionic axons of the sympathetic enter the sympathetic trunk. Many of these axons ...
... This section of the text reinforces the concept of thoracolumbar control. Although you do not need to memorize specific pathways, you should understand the general point illustrated by Fig. 15.6. Notice that all preganglionic axons of the sympathetic enter the sympathetic trunk. Many of these axons ...
Network Self-Organization Explains the Statistics and
... with long life times [16,17], which may also be comparatively strong [16]. In line with this, the daily fluctuations of dendritic spine sizes, which are closely related to synaptic efficacies, are such that weak synapses can change their size by as much as a factor of 6, while strong synapses are mu ...
... with long life times [16,17], which may also be comparatively strong [16]. In line with this, the daily fluctuations of dendritic spine sizes, which are closely related to synaptic efficacies, are such that weak synapses can change their size by as much as a factor of 6, while strong synapses are mu ...
document1004
... into account the history of behavioral development (Alexandrov, 1989; Alexandrov & Alcksandrov, 1982), i.e. the history of the successive systcmogenies, and the system-selective concept of learning was inferred (Shvyrkov, 1986, 1995). The latter concept is in line with the modern ideas of "functiona ...
... into account the history of behavioral development (Alexandrov, 1989; Alexandrov & Alcksandrov, 1982), i.e. the history of the successive systcmogenies, and the system-selective concept of learning was inferred (Shvyrkov, 1986, 1995). The latter concept is in line with the modern ideas of "functiona ...
Trial and Error – Optogenetic techniques offer insight into the
... input-output function of identified dopamine neurons and to determine how expectation transforms this function. We found that dopamine neurons use simple subtraction (9) [see the figure (B)]. Although this arithmetic is assumed in computational models, it is remarkably rare in the brain; division is ...
... input-output function of identified dopamine neurons and to determine how expectation transforms this function. We found that dopamine neurons use simple subtraction (9) [see the figure (B)]. Although this arithmetic is assumed in computational models, it is remarkably rare in the brain; division is ...
Modeling the Visual Word Form Area Using a Deep Convolutional
... Figure 1: Activation of the VWFA in the left occipitotemporal sulcus near the fusiform gyrus (Dehaene & Cohen, 2011). conclusion of this research is that the response of VWFA is strictly visual and prelexical, such that the words are recognized by VWFA visually, without giving them any meaning. In t ...
... Figure 1: Activation of the VWFA in the left occipitotemporal sulcus near the fusiform gyrus (Dehaene & Cohen, 2011). conclusion of this research is that the response of VWFA is strictly visual and prelexical, such that the words are recognized by VWFA visually, without giving them any meaning. In t ...
Integrating Top-Down and Bottom
... and firing rates of neurons in the primary visual cortex. Thus, it has been suggested that feedback projections have modulatory effects while activity is mainly driven by the bottom-up pathway. In spite of these data, however, the underlying mechanisms and the origin of the remarkable difference bet ...
... and firing rates of neurons in the primary visual cortex. Thus, it has been suggested that feedback projections have modulatory effects while activity is mainly driven by the bottom-up pathway. In spite of these data, however, the underlying mechanisms and the origin of the remarkable difference bet ...
Endocrine and nervous systems
... The tips of fingers are sensitive enough to discriminate raised points on a surface, as well as the locations of these points. Knowing this, in the 19th century Louis Braille invented the Braille system of reading for the blind. Each letter of a language alphabet is represented by up to six raised d ...
... The tips of fingers are sensitive enough to discriminate raised points on a surface, as well as the locations of these points. Knowing this, in the 19th century Louis Braille invented the Braille system of reading for the blind. Each letter of a language alphabet is represented by up to six raised d ...
Growth arrest specific gene 7 is associated with schizophrenia and
... found that Gas7△WW-overexpressing neurons displayed similar morphogenesis to those overexpressing fulllength Gas7, while overexpression of Gas7△FCH or Gas7△CC had no effect on the ability of neurons to initiate excessive neurites (Figs. 1d, g and 2a, b), suggesting that the F-BAR domain is necessary ...
... found that Gas7△WW-overexpressing neurons displayed similar morphogenesis to those overexpressing fulllength Gas7, while overexpression of Gas7△FCH or Gas7△CC had no effect on the ability of neurons to initiate excessive neurites (Figs. 1d, g and 2a, b), suggesting that the F-BAR domain is necessary ...
Synaptic Transmission between Dorsal Root Ganglion and Dorsal
... blocked all but the earliest, monophasic EPSP (Fig. 1B). The effect of divalent cations presumably reflects an increase in the spike threshold of all neurons in the culture (Frankenhaeuser and Hodgkin, 1957; Yellen, 1984) and a consequent blockade of polysynaptic pathways. DRG-evoked EPSPs were ther ...
... blocked all but the earliest, monophasic EPSP (Fig. 1B). The effect of divalent cations presumably reflects an increase in the spike threshold of all neurons in the culture (Frankenhaeuser and Hodgkin, 1957; Yellen, 1984) and a consequent blockade of polysynaptic pathways. DRG-evoked EPSPs were ther ...
In vivo two-photon calcium imaging of neuronal networks
... through the intact skull. We found that if the skull was thinned down to a thickness of 8–10 m, individual cells could be well resolved up to 200 m below the cortical surface (Fig. 1B). Removing the skull above the imaging field further improved depth resolution (Fig. 1D), allowing the detection o ...
... through the intact skull. We found that if the skull was thinned down to a thickness of 8–10 m, individual cells could be well resolved up to 200 m below the cortical surface (Fig. 1B). Removing the skull above the imaging field further improved depth resolution (Fig. 1D), allowing the detection o ...
Long-Term Depression in Identified Stellate Neurons of Juvenile Rat
... action potentials were still observed in this period (Fig. 1C). We used the method developed by van der Linden and Lopes da Silva (1998) and Dorval and White (2005) by calculating the percentage of the sag according to the equation [(peak – steady-state)/peak ⫻ 100%]. Plot of the percentage of the s ...
... action potentials were still observed in this period (Fig. 1C). We used the method developed by van der Linden and Lopes da Silva (1998) and Dorval and White (2005) by calculating the percentage of the sag according to the equation [(peak – steady-state)/peak ⫻ 100%]. Plot of the percentage of the s ...
EFFECTS OF INTERLEUKM 1p ON JSOLATED RAT
... techniques. We found that at subseptic concentrations of IL-lp (IpM, 500fM) a transient depolarkation was seen in the neurons (5.4*1.2mV, n=7; 6.4M.9mV. ...
... techniques. We found that at subseptic concentrations of IL-lp (IpM, 500fM) a transient depolarkation was seen in the neurons (5.4*1.2mV, n=7; 6.4M.9mV. ...
Conditioning: Simple Neural Circuits in the Honeybee
... (PE1), and neurons in the protocerebral-calycal tract (PCT). The PE1 neuron leaves the alpha lobe of the MB and receives its input across the peduncle of the MB at two bands of putative postsynaptic specializations. PE1 responds to a large range of odors. Differential conditioning leads to a CSþ-spe ...
... (PE1), and neurons in the protocerebral-calycal tract (PCT). The PE1 neuron leaves the alpha lobe of the MB and receives its input across the peduncle of the MB at two bands of putative postsynaptic specializations. PE1 responds to a large range of odors. Differential conditioning leads to a CSþ-spe ...
Electronic Realization of Human Brain`s Neo
... The neuron is the basic functional block of the nervous system. It is a highly specialized cellular unit for information processing and transmission of electrochemical signals. With diameters ranging from 4 to 100 microns, each neuron contains millions of electrochemical pumping stations that shift ...
... The neuron is the basic functional block of the nervous system. It is a highly specialized cellular unit for information processing and transmission of electrochemical signals. With diameters ranging from 4 to 100 microns, each neuron contains millions of electrochemical pumping stations that shift ...
Ch 8 Nervous System Test Key 1. In a neuron, short, branching
... 28. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system a. is involved in vegetative activities, such as digestion, urination, and defecation. b. has postganglionic cell bodies in terminal ganglia, located either near or within target organs. c. has both preganglionic and postganglionic neu ...
... 28. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system a. is involved in vegetative activities, such as digestion, urination, and defecation. b. has postganglionic cell bodies in terminal ganglia, located either near or within target organs. c. has both preganglionic and postganglionic neu ...
A new approach to neural cell culture for long
... other dangerous chemicals that might be spilled. Furthermore, a dry incubator is much more hospitable than a humid one to electronic sensors or cell stimulation and recording equipment that researchers might wish to use with their cultures (e.g. in Welsh et al., 1995). The humid environment found in ...
... other dangerous chemicals that might be spilled. Furthermore, a dry incubator is much more hospitable than a humid one to electronic sensors or cell stimulation and recording equipment that researchers might wish to use with their cultures (e.g. in Welsh et al., 1995). The humid environment found in ...
A lineage-related reciprocal inhibition circuitry for sensory
... Figure 1. Structural organisation of the central complex and ellipsoid body. (a) Cartoon of adult Drosophila brain showing central complex ground pattern (PB, protocerebral bridge; FB, fan-shaped body; EB, ellipsoid body; NO, noduli; LAL, lateral accessory lobes MB, mushroom bodies are shown for ori ...
... Figure 1. Structural organisation of the central complex and ellipsoid body. (a) Cartoon of adult Drosophila brain showing central complex ground pattern (PB, protocerebral bridge; FB, fan-shaped body; EB, ellipsoid body; NO, noduli; LAL, lateral accessory lobes MB, mushroom bodies are shown for ori ...
Synchrony Unbound: Review A Critical Evaluation of
... example is nonetheless instructive. Synchrony in a Sparse Network Consider a neuron that receives convergent input from an ensemble of ten neurons, each discharging asynchronously at an average rate of 10 spikes/s. By chance, any 1 input spike will occur within 5 ms of 3 other input spikes with an e ...
... example is nonetheless instructive. Synchrony in a Sparse Network Consider a neuron that receives convergent input from an ensemble of ten neurons, each discharging asynchronously at an average rate of 10 spikes/s. By chance, any 1 input spike will occur within 5 ms of 3 other input spikes with an e ...