The Brain and Addiction
... Slide 27: Dopamine binding to receptors and uptake pumps in the nucleus accumbens; the action of cocaine Explain that cocaine binds to sites in areas of the brain that are rich in dopamine synapses such as the VTA and the nucleus accumbens. Review dopamine transmission in the close-up of a synapse ...
... Slide 27: Dopamine binding to receptors and uptake pumps in the nucleus accumbens; the action of cocaine Explain that cocaine binds to sites in areas of the brain that are rich in dopamine synapses such as the VTA and the nucleus accumbens. Review dopamine transmission in the close-up of a synapse ...
Functional and Dysfunctional Aspects of the Cerebral Cortex
... Introduction Diagnosis of oral motor disorders is a professional skill. Most orthodontists and other specialist dentists are familiar with the many types of oral motor behaviors and their dysfunctions, such as normal chewing, speech, improper bites, malocclusions of the teeth, and oral–facial imbala ...
... Introduction Diagnosis of oral motor disorders is a professional skill. Most orthodontists and other specialist dentists are familiar with the many types of oral motor behaviors and their dysfunctions, such as normal chewing, speech, improper bites, malocclusions of the teeth, and oral–facial imbala ...
File
... 1. a presynaptic ending that contains neurotransmitters, mitochondria and other cell organelles, 2. a postsynaptic ending that contains receptor sites for neurotransmitters and, 3. a synaptic cleft or gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic endings ...
... 1. a presynaptic ending that contains neurotransmitters, mitochondria and other cell organelles, 2. a postsynaptic ending that contains receptor sites for neurotransmitters and, 3. a synaptic cleft or gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic endings ...
The Effects of Local Fetal Brain Extract Administration
... Surgical procedure. The animals of experimental and control groups were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 ml of a mixture (1:2) of 10% ketamine (Bayer, Germany) and 2% xylazine (Boxtel, Holland). For axotomy, the right sciatic nerve (SN) was exposed through a gluteal muscle splittin ...
... Surgical procedure. The animals of experimental and control groups were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 ml of a mixture (1:2) of 10% ketamine (Bayer, Germany) and 2% xylazine (Boxtel, Holland). For axotomy, the right sciatic nerve (SN) was exposed through a gluteal muscle splittin ...
Hypothesized Deficiency of Guanine
... be measured in humans in vivo with the positron emission tomography (PET) ligand b-carbomethoxy-3b-4-fluorophenyltropane (CFT; WIN-35,428). This ligand has been used to study the degeneration of dopaminergic nerve terminals, particularly in the caudate and putamen. Six adult patients (age range 19–35 ...
... be measured in humans in vivo with the positron emission tomography (PET) ligand b-carbomethoxy-3b-4-fluorophenyltropane (CFT; WIN-35,428). This ligand has been used to study the degeneration of dopaminergic nerve terminals, particularly in the caudate and putamen. Six adult patients (age range 19–35 ...
Functional Classification
... o daily boluses of liquids are pushed into the colon, evacuating it and preventing fecal incontinence. In this procedure, a hole is made in the abdominal wall that can be connected directly to a hole in the colon. A gastrostomy feeding button is placed through the hole on the abdominal wall into the ...
... o daily boluses of liquids are pushed into the colon, evacuating it and preventing fecal incontinence. In this procedure, a hole is made in the abdominal wall that can be connected directly to a hole in the colon. A gastrostomy feeding button is placed through the hole on the abdominal wall into the ...
Chapter 48 Learning Objectives: Nervous Systems - STHS-AP-Bio
... 31. Describe the specific functions of the reticular system. 32. Explain how the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) function as a mammalian biological clock. 33. Relate the specific regions of the cerebrum to their functions. 34. Distinguish between the functions of the left and right hemispheres of the c ...
... 31. Describe the specific functions of the reticular system. 32. Explain how the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) function as a mammalian biological clock. 33. Relate the specific regions of the cerebrum to their functions. 34. Distinguish between the functions of the left and right hemispheres of the c ...
Presumed Apoptosis and Reduced Arcuate Nucleus
... and 82- and 73-fold after the second and third bouts of hypoglycemia, respectively (Fig. 1). Similarly, plasma corticosterone levels (baseline 113 ± 32 ng/ml) rose to 7.8 and 8.9 times those at baseline at 30 min and 60 min after the first bout of hypoglycemia, but the 30-min increases were signific ...
... and 82- and 73-fold after the second and third bouts of hypoglycemia, respectively (Fig. 1). Similarly, plasma corticosterone levels (baseline 113 ± 32 ng/ml) rose to 7.8 and 8.9 times those at baseline at 30 min and 60 min after the first bout of hypoglycemia, but the 30-min increases were signific ...
Optogenetic drive of neocortical pyramidal neurons generates fMRI
... The BOLD signal showed a gradual increase in amplitude with increasing rate of stimulation for both periodic and Poisson stimulation, with a greater increase in overall amplitude for Poisson stimuli at all frequencies (Fig. 4A), confirmed as statistically significant by a reliable main effect of sti ...
... The BOLD signal showed a gradual increase in amplitude with increasing rate of stimulation for both periodic and Poisson stimulation, with a greater increase in overall amplitude for Poisson stimuli at all frequencies (Fig. 4A), confirmed as statistically significant by a reliable main effect of sti ...
Interactions Between the Lateral Hypothalamus and the
... similar electrode assembly was also placed into the PAG. The PAG region was searched until an area containing neurons responsive to LH stimulation was found. This area was stimulated while a recording was made from the LH region. Once a cell in this area was isolated, its response to PAG stimulation ...
... similar electrode assembly was also placed into the PAG. The PAG region was searched until an area containing neurons responsive to LH stimulation was found. This area was stimulated while a recording was made from the LH region. Once a cell in this area was isolated, its response to PAG stimulation ...
Genetic Analysis of Brain Circuits Underlying Pheromone Signaling
... transfer of Barley lectin (BL), and expressed BL under the control of LHRH promoter (6). Sites of BL expression, while also visualizing minor labeling along the vomeronasal pathway, also evidenced major and yet undescribed input from the main olfactory system. These results provide strong support to ...
... transfer of Barley lectin (BL), and expressed BL under the control of LHRH promoter (6). Sites of BL expression, while also visualizing minor labeling along the vomeronasal pathway, also evidenced major and yet undescribed input from the main olfactory system. These results provide strong support to ...
MS Word Version - Interactive Physiology
... Page 7. Signals Are Received At Synapses • The dendrites and cell body provide a large surface area for communication with other neurons. • Signals from other neurons are received at synapses, the junctions between neurons. • Label the synapse in this diagram: ...
... Page 7. Signals Are Received At Synapses • The dendrites and cell body provide a large surface area for communication with other neurons. • Signals from other neurons are received at synapses, the junctions between neurons. • Label the synapse in this diagram: ...
Visual Response Properties of Neurons in Four Extrastriate Visual
... studied functional localization in four extrastriate areas by making quantitative comparisons of the visual response properties of single neurons in the middle temporal (MT), dorsolateral (DL), dorsomedial (DM), and medial (M) areas. In this paper we report the response properties of neurons in thes ...
... studied functional localization in four extrastriate areas by making quantitative comparisons of the visual response properties of single neurons in the middle temporal (MT), dorsolateral (DL), dorsomedial (DM), and medial (M) areas. In this paper we report the response properties of neurons in thes ...
Central Nervous System I. Brain - Function A. Hindbrain 1. Medulla
... 1. It is the center for registering sensations, integrating them with other sensation and with stored information. 2. It is the center for intellect, emotion, behavior towards others, taking actions and memory. Different regions of the brain are specialized for different functions and many parts of ...
... 1. It is the center for registering sensations, integrating them with other sensation and with stored information. 2. It is the center for intellect, emotion, behavior towards others, taking actions and memory. Different regions of the brain are specialized for different functions and many parts of ...
Living scaffolds for neuroregeneration
... cases, living scaffolds may be used to guide regenerating axons to precise targets and allow for functional reinnervation. In cases where neural cells are damaged due to trauma or neurodegenerative diseases, living scaffolds may be used to provide the necessary structural and chemical cues to encour ...
... cases, living scaffolds may be used to guide regenerating axons to precise targets and allow for functional reinnervation. In cases where neural cells are damaged due to trauma or neurodegenerative diseases, living scaffolds may be used to provide the necessary structural and chemical cues to encour ...
Cortical representations of olfactory input by trans
... thus receives direct input from a single olfactory receptor neuron class. Mitral cell axons relay information to the olfactory cortex (Supplementary Fig. 1a). Previous axon tracing studies showed that individual mitral cells send axons to distinct cortical areas, and that small cortical regions rece ...
... thus receives direct input from a single olfactory receptor neuron class. Mitral cell axons relay information to the olfactory cortex (Supplementary Fig. 1a). Previous axon tracing studies showed that individual mitral cells send axons to distinct cortical areas, and that small cortical regions rece ...
The bit used for relationship between smell and taste
... glomeruli such that each glomerulus receives input primarily from olfactory receptor neurons that express the same olfactory receptor. Glomeruli are also permeated by ...
... glomeruli such that each glomerulus receives input primarily from olfactory receptor neurons that express the same olfactory receptor. Glomeruli are also permeated by ...
The posterior parietal cortex: Sensorimotor interface for the planning
... fixating straight ahead. Reaches straight ‘up’ from each starting location are indicated by black arrows; reaches to other locations are not shown. (B) Responses of idealized PPC neurons. In each colormap, the firing rate of the neuron is plotted as a function of horizontal target position and horiz ...
... fixating straight ahead. Reaches straight ‘up’ from each starting location are indicated by black arrows; reaches to other locations are not shown. (B) Responses of idealized PPC neurons. In each colormap, the firing rate of the neuron is plotted as a function of horizontal target position and horiz ...
Introduction to the Brain presenter notes
... Slide 12: Activation of the reward pathway by an electrical stimulus The discovery of the reward pathway was achieved with the help of animals such as rats. Rats were trained to press a lever for a tiny electrical jolt to certain parts of the brain. Show that when an electrode is placed in the nucl ...
... Slide 12: Activation of the reward pathway by an electrical stimulus The discovery of the reward pathway was achieved with the help of animals such as rats. Rats were trained to press a lever for a tiny electrical jolt to certain parts of the brain. Show that when an electrode is placed in the nucl ...
The Hippocampal-Entorhinal Complex performs Bayesian
... (arising from the inaccuracy of sensory inputs and neuronal noise), which add up over time until the location estimate becomes too inaccurate to allow efficient navigation [7, 8]. Therefore, the output of the path integrator has to be corrected using allothetic sensory information from the environme ...
... (arising from the inaccuracy of sensory inputs and neuronal noise), which add up over time until the location estimate becomes too inaccurate to allow efficient navigation [7, 8]. Therefore, the output of the path integrator has to be corrected using allothetic sensory information from the environme ...
BIOL 273 Midterm #1 Notes
... So, to explain the title of this section, conduction is more rapid in myelinated axons because when you’re having channels open all the time (as is the case with unmyelinated axons), the signal travels slower because opening the channels takes time o ...
... So, to explain the title of this section, conduction is more rapid in myelinated axons because when you’re having channels open all the time (as is the case with unmyelinated axons), the signal travels slower because opening the channels takes time o ...
The Nervous System - Home
... with the other through the corpus callosum, a bundle of nerve fibers. (Another smaller fiber bundle that connects the two hemispheres is called the anterior commissure). ...
... with the other through the corpus callosum, a bundle of nerve fibers. (Another smaller fiber bundle that connects the two hemispheres is called the anterior commissure). ...
Surround suppression explained by long-range
... regardless of SSN membership. This architecture is known to exist in rodent visual cortex37, 39, 46, 55, 56 , but has not been examined experimentally or computationally in columnar visual cortex. In this paper we refer to this form of specificity as SSN-specific connectivity. SSN-specificity in our ...
... regardless of SSN membership. This architecture is known to exist in rodent visual cortex37, 39, 46, 55, 56 , but has not been examined experimentally or computationally in columnar visual cortex. In this paper we refer to this form of specificity as SSN-specific connectivity. SSN-specificity in our ...
The functional role of GABA and glycine in monaural and binaural
... complex acoustic stimuli (review: Aitkin 1986; Suga 1969; Suga and Schlegel 1973). In binaural signal analysis, excitatory responses evoked by stimulation of one ear are counteracted by inhibition derived from stimulation of the other ear thus producing sensitivity for interaural level or interaural ...
... complex acoustic stimuli (review: Aitkin 1986; Suga 1969; Suga and Schlegel 1973). In binaural signal analysis, excitatory responses evoked by stimulation of one ear are counteracted by inhibition derived from stimulation of the other ear thus producing sensitivity for interaural level or interaural ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.