Neural Networks - School of Computer Science
... The simple networks we have considered above only have input neurons and output neurons. It is considered a one layer network (the input neurons are not normally considered to form a layer as they are just a means of getting data into the network). Also, in the networks we have considered, the data ...
... The simple networks we have considered above only have input neurons and output neurons. It is considered a one layer network (the input neurons are not normally considered to form a layer as they are just a means of getting data into the network). Also, in the networks we have considered, the data ...
Hypocretin-2-Saporin Lesions of the Lateral Hypothalamus Produce
... (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). The DAB method was used to visualize the reaction product. The tissue sections were then counterstained with a Nissl stain (Neutral Red), dehydrated in graded alcohols, and coverslipped. Control sections were reacted without the primary antibodies or in preadso ...
... (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). The DAB method was used to visualize the reaction product. The tissue sections were then counterstained with a Nissl stain (Neutral Red), dehydrated in graded alcohols, and coverslipped. Control sections were reacted without the primary antibodies or in preadso ...
Surround suppression explained by long-range
... regardless of SSN membership. This architecture is known to exist in rodent visual cortex37, 39, 46, 55, 56 , but has not been examined experimentally or computationally in columnar visual cortex. In this paper we refer to this form of specificity as SSN-specific connectivity. SSN-specificity in our ...
... regardless of SSN membership. This architecture is known to exist in rodent visual cortex37, 39, 46, 55, 56 , but has not been examined experimentally or computationally in columnar visual cortex. In this paper we refer to this form of specificity as SSN-specific connectivity. SSN-specificity in our ...
What is the neuron`s resting potential?
... What causes a neuron to produce an action potential? • A neuron produces an action potential or “fires” when it generates and conducts an electrochemical signal. • A neuron receives electrochemical signals from thousands of adjacent neurons, in the form of “synapses” onto the dendrites or cell body ...
... What causes a neuron to produce an action potential? • A neuron produces an action potential or “fires” when it generates and conducts an electrochemical signal. • A neuron receives electrochemical signals from thousands of adjacent neurons, in the form of “synapses” onto the dendrites or cell body ...
Magel2 Is Required for Leptin-Mediated Depolarization of POMC
... suggestive of hypothalamic deficiency. We demonstrate Magel2-null mice are insensitive to the anorexic effect of peripherally administered leptin. Although their excessive adiposity and hyperleptinemia likely contribute to this physiological leptin resistance, we hypothesized that Magel2 may also ha ...
... suggestive of hypothalamic deficiency. We demonstrate Magel2-null mice are insensitive to the anorexic effect of peripherally administered leptin. Although their excessive adiposity and hyperleptinemia likely contribute to this physiological leptin resistance, we hypothesized that Magel2 may also ha ...
Synchronized Activities among Retinal Ganglion Cells in Response
... synchronously much more frequently than expected by chance, in response to both stimuli. Under our experimental conditions, synchronous groups could contain three or more cells in response to natural movie; but activities were more often observed between pair-wise cells in response to checker-board ...
... synchronously much more frequently than expected by chance, in response to both stimuli. Under our experimental conditions, synchronous groups could contain three or more cells in response to natural movie; but activities were more often observed between pair-wise cells in response to checker-board ...
Prenatal morphine exposure alters the layer II/III pyramidal neurons
... audio stimulus (Kenny and Turkewitz, 1986; Lewkowicz and Turkewitz, 1981), for example, the newborns’ optimal or preferred amount of stimulation is based on the total amount or intensity of stimulus input (Lawson and Turkewitz, 1980). Additionally, the visual and auditory experience is important not ...
... audio stimulus (Kenny and Turkewitz, 1986; Lewkowicz and Turkewitz, 1981), for example, the newborns’ optimal or preferred amount of stimulation is based on the total amount or intensity of stimulus input (Lawson and Turkewitz, 1980). Additionally, the visual and auditory experience is important not ...
Chapter 15 the autonomic nervous system -
... peristalsis and churning of intestinal contents. Other neurons control the secretion of enzymes. The enteric nervous system also makes use of more than 30 neurotransmitters, most of which are identical to the ones found in CNS, such as acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin. More than 90% of the bod ...
... peristalsis and churning of intestinal contents. Other neurons control the secretion of enzymes. The enteric nervous system also makes use of more than 30 neurotransmitters, most of which are identical to the ones found in CNS, such as acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin. More than 90% of the bod ...
the inferior colliculus of the rat: quantitative
... was numbered and assigned approximate (x, y) coordinates according to a calibrated Cartesian space with an arbitrary origin. For each field, the mean gray level (MF) and the standard deviation of gray values (S.D.F) were measured. From each field (768⫻512 pixels), five to seven neurons among those that ...
... was numbered and assigned approximate (x, y) coordinates according to a calibrated Cartesian space with an arbitrary origin. For each field, the mean gray level (MF) and the standard deviation of gray values (S.D.F) were measured. From each field (768⫻512 pixels), five to seven neurons among those that ...
Neurons
... Neuronal Circuits • Diverging circuit—one presynaptic neuron synapses with several other neurons (divergence) • Converging circuit—many neurons synapse on a single postsynaptic neuron (convergence) • Reverberating circuit—circuit that receives feedback via a collateral axon from a neuron in the cir ...
... Neuronal Circuits • Diverging circuit—one presynaptic neuron synapses with several other neurons (divergence) • Converging circuit—many neurons synapse on a single postsynaptic neuron (convergence) • Reverberating circuit—circuit that receives feedback via a collateral axon from a neuron in the cir ...
Kalirin, a Multifunctional Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor
... NotI–SpeI and XhoI–KpnI linkers, respectively, inserted first into pBluescript for sequencing and then cut with XhoI and NotI for insertion into the same sites in pCMS. This region was chosen to extend from the C-terminal third of spectrin repeat 5 to the middle of spectrin repeat 9 (Alam et al., 19 ...
... NotI–SpeI and XhoI–KpnI linkers, respectively, inserted first into pBluescript for sequencing and then cut with XhoI and NotI for insertion into the same sites in pCMS. This region was chosen to extend from the C-terminal third of spectrin repeat 5 to the middle of spectrin repeat 9 (Alam et al., 19 ...
Release of neurotransmitters from glia
... Keywords: neurotransmitter release, synaptic transmission, synaptic vesicle, LTP, astrocytes, tripartite synapse, neuron–glia interactions, calcium, intercellular signaling ...
... Keywords: neurotransmitter release, synaptic transmission, synaptic vesicle, LTP, astrocytes, tripartite synapse, neuron–glia interactions, calcium, intercellular signaling ...
Burst Firing and Modulation of Functional Connectivity in Cat Striate
... the more precisely these intervals can be detected, the more information a neuron could convey to other neurons. This general principle has stimulated research into the representation of information by specific temporal patterns within spike trains (e.g., Dayhoff and Gerstein 1983a; Lestienne and St ...
... the more precisely these intervals can be detected, the more information a neuron could convey to other neurons. This general principle has stimulated research into the representation of information by specific temporal patterns within spike trains (e.g., Dayhoff and Gerstein 1983a; Lestienne and St ...
Chapter 15 the autonomic nervous system -
... peristalsis and churning of intestinal contents. Other neurons control the secretion of enzymes. The enteric nervous system also makes use of more than 30 neurotransmitters, most of which are identical to the ones found in CNS, such as acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin. More than 90% of the bod ...
... peristalsis and churning of intestinal contents. Other neurons control the secretion of enzymes. The enteric nervous system also makes use of more than 30 neurotransmitters, most of which are identical to the ones found in CNS, such as acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin. More than 90% of the bod ...
Chapter 10 - Tribiana.com
... Light must pass through several neural layers before striking rods and cones ...
... Light must pass through several neural layers before striking rods and cones ...
Anterior Cingulate Conflict Monitoring and Adjustments in Control
... the subsequent trial, as predicted by the conflict hypothesis. Finally, we examined a closely related set of predictions of the conflict hypothesis, that ACC error-related activity should also be followed by an increase in PFC activity and corresponding adjustments in performance (18, 19). According ...
... the subsequent trial, as predicted by the conflict hypothesis. Finally, we examined a closely related set of predictions of the conflict hypothesis, that ACC error-related activity should also be followed by an increase in PFC activity and corresponding adjustments in performance (18, 19). According ...
Rapid Changes in Synaptic Vesicle Cytochemistry
... ABstrAct Sympathetic neurons taken from rat superior cervical ganglia and grown in culture acquire cholinergic function under certain conditions. These cholinergic sympathetic neurons, however, retain a number of adrenergic properties, including the enzymes involved in the synthesis of norepinephrin ...
... ABstrAct Sympathetic neurons taken from rat superior cervical ganglia and grown in culture acquire cholinergic function under certain conditions. These cholinergic sympathetic neurons, however, retain a number of adrenergic properties, including the enzymes involved in the synthesis of norepinephrin ...
Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal
... 1. Stretching of the muscle activates a muscle spindle (receptor) 2. An impulse is transmitted by afferent fibers to the spinal cord 3. Motor neurons in the spinal cord cause the stretched muscle to contract 4. The integration area in the spinal cord ...
... 1. Stretching of the muscle activates a muscle spindle (receptor) 2. An impulse is transmitted by afferent fibers to the spinal cord 3. Motor neurons in the spinal cord cause the stretched muscle to contract 4. The integration area in the spinal cord ...
Thalamus Notes
... position sense, and respond to either superficial mechanics stimulation of the skin, mechanical distortion of deep tissues, or joint rotation, but not to more than one of these. These informations are then integrated in the cortex into perceptions of form, size and texture. The cortical cytoarchitec ...
... position sense, and respond to either superficial mechanics stimulation of the skin, mechanical distortion of deep tissues, or joint rotation, but not to more than one of these. These informations are then integrated in the cortex into perceptions of form, size and texture. The cortical cytoarchitec ...
Direct somatic lineage conversion - Philosophical Transactions of
... remained unsuccessful which led people to conclude that somatic cells of higher organisms cannot be reprogrammed, akin to the higher restriction in regenerative potential of higher organisms. However, four decades later, Wilmut and co-workers [13] successfully cloned Dolly the sheep. This was a tran ...
... remained unsuccessful which led people to conclude that somatic cells of higher organisms cannot be reprogrammed, akin to the higher restriction in regenerative potential of higher organisms. However, four decades later, Wilmut and co-workers [13] successfully cloned Dolly the sheep. This was a tran ...
mechanisms and biological role of thalamocortical oscillations
... The intrinsic properties of a neuron depend on unique set of ionic channels, specific to a given neuron and on their distribution in different compartments of the neuron. The diversity of channels in neurons is large and results in a variety of patterns of action potential generation induced by a co ...
... The intrinsic properties of a neuron depend on unique set of ionic channels, specific to a given neuron and on their distribution in different compartments of the neuron. The diversity of channels in neurons is large and results in a variety of patterns of action potential generation induced by a co ...
Chapter 11 Efferent Division: Autonomic and Somatic Motor Control
... Autonomic Synapse or Neuroeffector Junction (Figure 11-8, p. 392) Neurotransmitter release can be modulated here by hormones and paracrines (e.g. histamine) which can either facilitate or inhibit neurotransmitter release Some preganglionic neurons co-secrete neuropeptides along with ACh The peptide ...
... Autonomic Synapse or Neuroeffector Junction (Figure 11-8, p. 392) Neurotransmitter release can be modulated here by hormones and paracrines (e.g. histamine) which can either facilitate or inhibit neurotransmitter release Some preganglionic neurons co-secrete neuropeptides along with ACh The peptide ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.