Datasheet - Creative Diagnostics
... where it rapidly binds to gangliosides at the presynaptic membrane of inhibitory motor nerve endings. The clinical manifestations of tetanus are caused when tetanus toxin blocks inhibitory impulses, by interfering with the release of neurotransmitters, including glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid. ...
... where it rapidly binds to gangliosides at the presynaptic membrane of inhibitory motor nerve endings. The clinical manifestations of tetanus are caused when tetanus toxin blocks inhibitory impulses, by interfering with the release of neurotransmitters, including glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid. ...
Contributions of the Basal Amygdala Nuclei to Conditioned Fear
... BL–BM lesions had no effect, revealed that postconditioning lesions led to the abolition of conditioned fear responses (AngladaFigueroa and Quirk, 2005). This pattern of results suggested that in an intact brain, the basal nuclei are at least required to relay potentiated CS-evoked LA responses to C ...
... BL–BM lesions had no effect, revealed that postconditioning lesions led to the abolition of conditioned fear responses (AngladaFigueroa and Quirk, 2005). This pattern of results suggested that in an intact brain, the basal nuclei are at least required to relay potentiated CS-evoked LA responses to C ...
neural representation and the cortical code
... goal is to determine the neuronal response for each feature within a set. An alternative perspective is to attempt to determine the stimulus that caused each neuronal response, using the stimulus reconstruction or “decoding” approach (Bialek & Rieke 1992, Bialek et al 1991, Rieke et al 1997). In thi ...
... goal is to determine the neuronal response for each feature within a set. An alternative perspective is to attempt to determine the stimulus that caused each neuronal response, using the stimulus reconstruction or “decoding” approach (Bialek & Rieke 1992, Bialek et al 1991, Rieke et al 1997). In thi ...
Duration Sensitivity to Other Response Properties of the Rat
... et al. 2000). Duration-selective neurons have only been found at or above the level of the inferior colliculus (IC) or its homolog in any of the species studied, so this form of neural filtering seems to be an emergent property that results from circuitry operating within the midbrain. The IC is inn ...
... et al. 2000). Duration-selective neurons have only been found at or above the level of the inferior colliculus (IC) or its homolog in any of the species studied, so this form of neural filtering seems to be an emergent property that results from circuitry operating within the midbrain. The IC is inn ...
cerebellum student copy 2010
... The cerebellum is concerned with learned adjustments that make coordination easier when a given task is performed over & over As a motor task is learned , activity in the brain shifts from the Prefrontal ( cerebral ) Cortex to the (1) Parietal Cortex , (2) M1 , & (3) Cerebellum . The basis of learni ...
... The cerebellum is concerned with learned adjustments that make coordination easier when a given task is performed over & over As a motor task is learned , activity in the brain shifts from the Prefrontal ( cerebral ) Cortex to the (1) Parietal Cortex , (2) M1 , & (3) Cerebellum . The basis of learni ...
adult rat spinal cord culture on an organosilane surface in
... Electrophysiology. Whole-cell patch clamp experiments were performed on 10-d-old cultures. About 30% of the recorded cells expressed voltage-dependent sodium and potassium currents (Fig. 3f ) and generated single action potentials (data not shown). ...
... Electrophysiology. Whole-cell patch clamp experiments were performed on 10-d-old cultures. About 30% of the recorded cells expressed voltage-dependent sodium and potassium currents (Fig. 3f ) and generated single action potentials (data not shown). ...
Regulation of Neurosteroid Biosynthesis by Neurotransmitters and
... is evidence that sulfated neurosteroids and NPY are involved in the regulation of similar behavioral activities. For instance, ∆5PS and DHEAS, like NPY, are implicated in the control of food intake in rodents (Reddy and Kulkarni 1998; Schwartz et al. 2000). Similarly, ∆5PS and NPY are known to regul ...
... is evidence that sulfated neurosteroids and NPY are involved in the regulation of similar behavioral activities. For instance, ∆5PS and DHEAS, like NPY, are implicated in the control of food intake in rodents (Reddy and Kulkarni 1998; Schwartz et al. 2000). Similarly, ∆5PS and NPY are known to regul ...
Parallel Processing of Appetitive Short- and Long
... appetitive STM exhibited normal LTM at 24 hr. In conclusion, the present study provides strong evidence that in Drosophila, appetitive STM and LTM are two parallel and independent processes, involving different subsets of neurons within the MB (Figure 4G). The dynamics of the appetitive memory phase ...
... appetitive STM exhibited normal LTM at 24 hr. In conclusion, the present study provides strong evidence that in Drosophila, appetitive STM and LTM are two parallel and independent processes, involving different subsets of neurons within the MB (Figure 4G). The dynamics of the appetitive memory phase ...
The Beautiful Brain - Weisman Art Museum
... Cajal’s training as an artist is evident in the clarity of his drawings—the lines are confident and fine. He sometimes made a pencil drawing and then went over the pencil in black ink. He did not erase the pencil lines so they are often visible. He used cross-hatching, small dots, ink washes, and oc ...
... Cajal’s training as an artist is evident in the clarity of his drawings—the lines are confident and fine. He sometimes made a pencil drawing and then went over the pencil in black ink. He did not erase the pencil lines so they are often visible. He used cross-hatching, small dots, ink washes, and oc ...
THE SYNAPSE
... A presynaptic element, an axon, and a postsynaptic element, for example a dendritic spine, are in close apposition at the synapse but not in direct contact. The pre- and postsynaptic membranes are separated by a gap, the synaptic cleft. Chemical transmitters bridge this gap by diffusing from release ...
... A presynaptic element, an axon, and a postsynaptic element, for example a dendritic spine, are in close apposition at the synapse but not in direct contact. The pre- and postsynaptic membranes are separated by a gap, the synaptic cleft. Chemical transmitters bridge this gap by diffusing from release ...
different sensory modalities
... extension of the superficial ones – somatosensory neurons in the deeper layers have large receptive fields and are organized in maps which show a regular relationship with visual maps: the front of the animal is represented rostral while the hindparts are caudal, the upper surface is represented med ...
... extension of the superficial ones – somatosensory neurons in the deeper layers have large receptive fields and are organized in maps which show a regular relationship with visual maps: the front of the animal is represented rostral while the hindparts are caudal, the upper surface is represented med ...
REVIEWS - Department Of Biological Sciences Hunter College
... these constructs compete with endogenous classic cadherins for interactions with catenins and other cytoskeletal proteins. As the activity of classic cadherins relies on such interactions38, their depletion due to overexpression of the mutant cadherins causes downregulation of the endogenous cadheri ...
... these constructs compete with endogenous classic cadherins for interactions with catenins and other cytoskeletal proteins. As the activity of classic cadherins relies on such interactions38, their depletion due to overexpression of the mutant cadherins causes downregulation of the endogenous cadheri ...
The Angelman syndrome ubiquitin ligase localizes to the synapse
... Loss of function of the maternally inherited allele for the UBE3A ubiquitin ligase gene causes Angelman syndrome (AS), which is characterized by severe neurological impairment and motor dysfunction. In addition, UBE3A lies within chromosome 15q11 –q13 region, where maternal, but not paternal, duplic ...
... Loss of function of the maternally inherited allele for the UBE3A ubiquitin ligase gene causes Angelman syndrome (AS), which is characterized by severe neurological impairment and motor dysfunction. In addition, UBE3A lies within chromosome 15q11 –q13 region, where maternal, but not paternal, duplic ...
Letter to Teachers
... Neurons are separated by tiny gaps called synapses. The neurotransmitters from one neuron move across the synapse and lock into spaces called receptors on other neurons. This starts an electrical impulse in the receiving neuron, which then releases its own neurotransmitter. When you see a friend, re ...
... Neurons are separated by tiny gaps called synapses. The neurotransmitters from one neuron move across the synapse and lock into spaces called receptors on other neurons. This starts an electrical impulse in the receiving neuron, which then releases its own neurotransmitter. When you see a friend, re ...
Formation of Complement Membrane Attack Complex in Mammalian
... the deposition of immune complexes in normal tissue. This complex system can be activated by diverse mechanisms proceeding through distinct pathways, yet all converge on a final common pathway in which five proteins assemble into a multimolecular complex, the membrane attack complex (MAC). The MAC i ...
... the deposition of immune complexes in normal tissue. This complex system can be activated by diverse mechanisms proceeding through distinct pathways, yet all converge on a final common pathway in which five proteins assemble into a multimolecular complex, the membrane attack complex (MAC). The MAC i ...
Massive normalization of olfactory bulb output in mice with a
... We next asked if the failure to detect acetophenone was specific for this go/no go operant conditioning task, or whether it could similarly be observed in a different behavioral test. To address this question we measured exploratory sniffing behavior in response to novel odors, a simple, spontaneous ...
... We next asked if the failure to detect acetophenone was specific for this go/no go operant conditioning task, or whether it could similarly be observed in a different behavioral test. To address this question we measured exploratory sniffing behavior in response to novel odors, a simple, spontaneous ...
Chapter 02: Neurons and Glia
... dendritic and somatic morphology – Stellate cells (star-shaped) and pyramidal cells (pyramid-shaped) – Spiny or aspinous ...
... dendritic and somatic morphology – Stellate cells (star-shaped) and pyramidal cells (pyramid-shaped) – Spiny or aspinous ...
Depolarization stimulates lamellipodia formation and
... Electric activity is known to have profound effects on growth cone morphology and neurite outgrowth, but the nature of the response varies strongly between neurons derived from different species or brain areas. To establish the role of electric activity in neurite outgrowth and neuronal morphogenesi ...
... Electric activity is known to have profound effects on growth cone morphology and neurite outgrowth, but the nature of the response varies strongly between neurons derived from different species or brain areas. To establish the role of electric activity in neurite outgrowth and neuronal morphogenesi ...
NERVOUS SYSTEM: SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES
... formed from the fusion of dorsal and ventral roots as they pass through the intervertebral foramen • Nerves then divide into several branches ...
... formed from the fusion of dorsal and ventral roots as they pass through the intervertebral foramen • Nerves then divide into several branches ...
The Basal Ganglia
... The ~asal Ganglia Are the Principal SubQOrticalComponents of a Family of Para~lelCircuits Linking the Thalamus and tere bral Cortex The bfsal ganglia were traditionally thought to function only ~ voluntary movement. Indeed, fOTsome time it W= s b lieved that the basal ganglia sent their entire outpu ...
... The ~asal Ganglia Are the Principal SubQOrticalComponents of a Family of Para~lelCircuits Linking the Thalamus and tere bral Cortex The bfsal ganglia were traditionally thought to function only ~ voluntary movement. Indeed, fOTsome time it W= s b lieved that the basal ganglia sent their entire outpu ...
Swim Initiation Neurons in Tritonia diomedea1
... a swim-eliciting stimulus (Lennard et al., 1980). Prior work (Getting and Dekin, 1985) concluded that this depolarization has an important role in initiating the swim motor program. Using a dye filled electrode, we searched for the missing ramp interneurons among the axons in the central commissure. ...
... a swim-eliciting stimulus (Lennard et al., 1980). Prior work (Getting and Dekin, 1985) concluded that this depolarization has an important role in initiating the swim motor program. Using a dye filled electrode, we searched for the missing ramp interneurons among the axons in the central commissure. ...
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VISUAL AREA MT
... Gestalt map of major routes into MT in the manner of Felleman & Van Essen (1991). Line thickness is roughly proportional to the magnitude of the inputs, on the basis of a combination of projection neuron numbers and, where data are available, the characteristics of their axon terminals (see Figure 3 ...
... Gestalt map of major routes into MT in the manner of Felleman & Van Essen (1991). Line thickness is roughly proportional to the magnitude of the inputs, on the basis of a combination of projection neuron numbers and, where data are available, the characteristics of their axon terminals (see Figure 3 ...
"Touch". In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (ELS)
... stimulus relieves mechanical stretch on the receptor and allows stretch-sensitive channels to close. Direct activation of mechanoreceptive ion channels permits rapid activation and inactivation as forces are applied to the skin. See also: Cell Biophysics; Sodium Channels The molecular biology of mec ...
... stimulus relieves mechanical stretch on the receptor and allows stretch-sensitive channels to close. Direct activation of mechanoreceptive ion channels permits rapid activation and inactivation as forces are applied to the skin. See also: Cell Biophysics; Sodium Channels The molecular biology of mec ...
A Neuronal Is Required Stimulation Cell Surface
... During embryonic development of the peripheral nerve trunks, Schwann cells proliferate along the axons which they will later ensheath and, in the case of larger axons, myelinate. This early proliferative response can be mimicked in vitro using cultures containing pure populations of embryonic rat do ...
... During embryonic development of the peripheral nerve trunks, Schwann cells proliferate along the axons which they will later ensheath and, in the case of larger axons, myelinate. This early proliferative response can be mimicked in vitro using cultures containing pure populations of embryonic rat do ...
Further Cognitive Science
... materialism first hit the world of Oxford philosophy … I was sitting in one of Gilbert Ryle's seminars in 1963 when a visiting Australian scholar, David Armstrong, presented a paper defending a materialist theory of mind. I still remember the sense of shock as this heretical Australian laid into Ryl ...
... materialism first hit the world of Oxford philosophy … I was sitting in one of Gilbert Ryle's seminars in 1963 when a visiting Australian scholar, David Armstrong, presented a paper defending a materialist theory of mind. I still remember the sense of shock as this heretical Australian laid into Ryl ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.