Comparison of the Distributions of lpsilaterally and Contralaterally
... hemifield is interconnected with many other cortical areas in both hemispheres. Two strongly interconnected regions which have been the subject of intensive anatomical, physiological, and behavioral studies are the area 17/18 border region and the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area (area PMLS) ...
... hemifield is interconnected with many other cortical areas in both hemispheres. Two strongly interconnected regions which have been the subject of intensive anatomical, physiological, and behavioral studies are the area 17/18 border region and the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area (area PMLS) ...
Further Cognitive Science
... materialism first hit the world of Oxford philosophy … I was sitting in one of Gilbert Ryle's seminars in 1963 when a visiting Australian scholar, David Armstrong, presented a paper defending a materialist theory of mind. I still remember the sense of shock as this heretical Australian laid into Ryl ...
... materialism first hit the world of Oxford philosophy … I was sitting in one of Gilbert Ryle's seminars in 1963 when a visiting Australian scholar, David Armstrong, presented a paper defending a materialist theory of mind. I still remember the sense of shock as this heretical Australian laid into Ryl ...
Cerebellum- and forebrain-derived stem cells
... neuronal subtypes (granule cells, Golgi, stellate, basket neurons and Purkinje cells) and into the less common neuronal subtypes (Lugaro, brush and candelabrum neurons) (Flace et al., 2004; Laine and Axelrad, 1994). The only excitatory neurons residing in the cerebellum are the granule cells [except ...
... neuronal subtypes (granule cells, Golgi, stellate, basket neurons and Purkinje cells) and into the less common neuronal subtypes (Lugaro, brush and candelabrum neurons) (Flace et al., 2004; Laine and Axelrad, 1994). The only excitatory neurons residing in the cerebellum are the granule cells [except ...
Collateral projections from the median raphe nucleus to the medial
... Seven days after FG injections (4 days after FR injections), rats were deeply anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and perfused transcardially with a buffered saline wash (pH 7.4, 300 ml/rat) followed by a fixative containing 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.05 M phosphate buffer (500 ml/rat). The brains ...
... Seven days after FG injections (4 days after FR injections), rats were deeply anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and perfused transcardially with a buffered saline wash (pH 7.4, 300 ml/rat) followed by a fixative containing 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.05 M phosphate buffer (500 ml/rat). The brains ...
Significance of Neural Crest in Tooth Development
... These genes are characterized by possession of a particular DNA sequence, the homeobox, encoding a variable protein domain called as homeodain, whereas the cells emerging from the hindbrain region from r3 and posteriorly express a well-ordered sequence of Hox genes. It is known that some of the neur ...
... These genes are characterized by possession of a particular DNA sequence, the homeobox, encoding a variable protein domain called as homeodain, whereas the cells emerging from the hindbrain region from r3 and posteriorly express a well-ordered sequence of Hox genes. It is known that some of the neur ...
Task-related “cortical” bursting depends critically
... thalamus, resulting in increased cortical activity that abnormally facilitates movement. Recent optogenetic manipulations that increased or decreased locomotion through activation of striatal pathways are consistent with such “firing-rate” models (3). Although rate models provide a simple framework f ...
... thalamus, resulting in increased cortical activity that abnormally facilitates movement. Recent optogenetic manipulations that increased or decreased locomotion through activation of striatal pathways are consistent with such “firing-rate” models (3). Although rate models provide a simple framework f ...
Cerebellum- and forebrain-derived stem cells possess intrinsic
... neuronal subtypes (granule cells, Golgi, stellate, basket neurons and Purkinje cells) and into the less common neuronal subtypes (Lugaro, brush and candelabrum neurons) (Flace et al., 2004; Laine and Axelrad, 1994). The only excitatory neurons residing in the cerebellum are the granule cells [except ...
... neuronal subtypes (granule cells, Golgi, stellate, basket neurons and Purkinje cells) and into the less common neuronal subtypes (Lugaro, brush and candelabrum neurons) (Flace et al., 2004; Laine and Axelrad, 1994). The only excitatory neurons residing in the cerebellum are the granule cells [except ...
SENSE AND THE SINGLE NEURON: Probing the Physiology of
... The link between the brain and perception is illustrated most dramatically in cases of loss or disturbance of perceptual function consequent upon some form of damage to the brain. An examination of a patient might well begin by asking the person to describe their perceptual experience and probing fo ...
... The link between the brain and perception is illustrated most dramatically in cases of loss or disturbance of perceptual function consequent upon some form of damage to the brain. An examination of a patient might well begin by asking the person to describe their perceptual experience and probing fo ...
Climbing Neuronal Activity as an Event
... the length of the delay period. This is in agreement with the scaling property of interval timing found in psychophysical studies on humans (Rakitin et al., 1998) and recently confirmed by in vivo experiments with monkeys (Leon and Shadlen, 2003). When the duration of a time interval is estimated, t ...
... the length of the delay period. This is in agreement with the scaling property of interval timing found in psychophysical studies on humans (Rakitin et al., 1998) and recently confirmed by in vivo experiments with monkeys (Leon and Shadlen, 2003). When the duration of a time interval is estimated, t ...
binding, internalization, and retrograde transport of `251
... the actions of NGF in target cells. It may be that plasma using modified 35-mm culture dishes (Hawrot and Patmembrane-localized binding of NGF mediates a set of terson, 1979; Hawrot, 1980). The growth of non-neuronal rapid responses, such as the efflux of Na+ ions (Skaper cells was prevented by trea ...
... the actions of NGF in target cells. It may be that plasma using modified 35-mm culture dishes (Hawrot and Patmembrane-localized binding of NGF mediates a set of terson, 1979; Hawrot, 1980). The growth of non-neuronal rapid responses, such as the efflux of Na+ ions (Skaper cells was prevented by trea ...
Cell-cycle control and cortical development - Stem
... schematics are transects through the presumptive area 17 of the embryonic cortex in mouse (a) and monkey (b) at comparable developmental stages. The depth of each layer is drawn to a common scale. Gestation period is 19 days in the mouse and 165 days in the monkey. Cortical neurogenesis lasts 8 days ...
... schematics are transects through the presumptive area 17 of the embryonic cortex in mouse (a) and monkey (b) at comparable developmental stages. The depth of each layer is drawn to a common scale. Gestation period is 19 days in the mouse and 165 days in the monkey. Cortical neurogenesis lasts 8 days ...
neurophysics.ucsd.edu
... prominent symptoms of many neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson’s disease for example, impaired coordination of breathing and swallowing contributes to dysphagia (e.g., difficulty in swallowing) and respiratory impairment [8,9], which form the leading cause of aspiration pneumon ...
... prominent symptoms of many neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson’s disease for example, impaired coordination of breathing and swallowing contributes to dysphagia (e.g., difficulty in swallowing) and respiratory impairment [8,9], which form the leading cause of aspiration pneumon ...
autonomic nervous system
... • Lower motor neurons may be controlled by • Reflexes based in spinal cord • Upper motor neurons with cell bodies in brain nuclei or at ...
... • Lower motor neurons may be controlled by • Reflexes based in spinal cord • Upper motor neurons with cell bodies in brain nuclei or at ...
Reticular formation
... decrease in the number of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons,which results in increased disinhibition of the PPN. Depression, autism, attention deficit disorder : The exact role of the RAS in the above mentioned disorders are not identified so far. However, it is said that any neurological or psychiatric ...
... decrease in the number of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons,which results in increased disinhibition of the PPN. Depression, autism, attention deficit disorder : The exact role of the RAS in the above mentioned disorders are not identified so far. However, it is said that any neurological or psychiatric ...
Kenedy,Dehay Cell-cycle control and cortical development
... schematics are transects through the presumptive area 17 of the embryonic cortex in mouse (a) and monkey (b) at comparable developmental stages. The depth of each layer is drawn to a common scale. Gestation period is 19 days in the mouse and 165 days in the monkey. Cortical neurogenesis lasts 8 days ...
... schematics are transects through the presumptive area 17 of the embryonic cortex in mouse (a) and monkey (b) at comparable developmental stages. The depth of each layer is drawn to a common scale. Gestation period is 19 days in the mouse and 165 days in the monkey. Cortical neurogenesis lasts 8 days ...
histology of the central nervous system
... lysosomes. These functions are most apparent in neurosecretory cells as in the hypothalamus and more subtle in cells that synthesize neurotransmitters. It is though that the Golgi complex produces transmitter molecules or the enzymes necessary for their production in the axon terminal. ...
... lysosomes. These functions are most apparent in neurosecretory cells as in the hypothalamus and more subtle in cells that synthesize neurotransmitters. It is though that the Golgi complex produces transmitter molecules or the enzymes necessary for their production in the axon terminal. ...
Coding Rate and Duration of Vocalizations of the Frog, Xenopus laevis
... Subthreshold oscillations (STOs) during current step injections were only analyzed if no discernible electrical noise was present before the current steps. STOs were only observed for ⬃250 ms in most cases; the limited number of data points (2500 data points at 10 kHz sampling rate) did not allow us ...
... Subthreshold oscillations (STOs) during current step injections were only analyzed if no discernible electrical noise was present before the current steps. STOs were only observed for ⬃250 ms in most cases; the limited number of data points (2500 data points at 10 kHz sampling rate) did not allow us ...
An overview of reservoir computing: theory, applications and
... given, it is best to create the reservoir with a uniform pole placement, so that all possible frequencies are maximally covered, an idea which originated from the identification of linear systems using Kautz filters. The random connectivity does not give a clear insight in what is going on in the re ...
... given, it is best to create the reservoir with a uniform pole placement, so that all possible frequencies are maximally covered, an idea which originated from the identification of linear systems using Kautz filters. The random connectivity does not give a clear insight in what is going on in the re ...
Columnar Organization of Dendrites and Axons of Single and
... projections are to supragranular layers, and relatively few direct connections exist between hollows of neighboring barrels (Kim and Ebner, 1999). Here we have used dual whole-cell recordings from pairs of neurons combined with reconstruction of the biocytin-filled neurons to quantitatively describe ...
... projections are to supragranular layers, and relatively few direct connections exist between hollows of neighboring barrels (Kim and Ebner, 1999). Here we have used dual whole-cell recordings from pairs of neurons combined with reconstruction of the biocytin-filled neurons to quantitatively describe ...
Chemical Senses
... Rats that are bred in laboratories and have not been exposed to cats for generations show a fear response to cat odor. ...
... Rats that are bred in laboratories and have not been exposed to cats for generations show a fear response to cat odor. ...
Depression of Acetylcholinesterase Synthesis Following Transient
... rabbit spinal cord after infarction point to degenerative and functional changes of cholinergic neurons following ischemia (Malatova and Maršala 1993) However, a number of studies yielded controversial results concerning AChE changes in ischemic bram AChE activity was significantly reduced in gerbil ...
... rabbit spinal cord after infarction point to degenerative and functional changes of cholinergic neurons following ischemia (Malatova and Maršala 1993) However, a number of studies yielded controversial results concerning AChE changes in ischemic bram AChE activity was significantly reduced in gerbil ...
Cerebellar control of the inferior olive
... to the cerebellum. This nucleo-olivary projection follows the zonal and, probably also, the microzonal arrangement of the cerebellum so that closed loops are formed between the neurones in the olive, the cerebellar cortex and the nuclei. The nucleo-olivary pathway is GABAergic, but several investiga ...
... to the cerebellum. This nucleo-olivary projection follows the zonal and, probably also, the microzonal arrangement of the cerebellum so that closed loops are formed between the neurones in the olive, the cerebellar cortex and the nuclei. The nucleo-olivary pathway is GABAergic, but several investiga ...
Hypothalamic Regulation of Sleep
... a neurotoxin by conjugating the ribosomal inactivating protein, saporin (Stirpe et al. 1992), to the hypocretin/ orexin receptor binding ligand, hypocretin-2/orexin-B. The hypocretin-containing neurons have been shown to have an autoreceptor (Horvath et al. 1999a), and we reasoned that the neurotoxi ...
... a neurotoxin by conjugating the ribosomal inactivating protein, saporin (Stirpe et al. 1992), to the hypocretin/ orexin receptor binding ligand, hypocretin-2/orexin-B. The hypocretin-containing neurons have been shown to have an autoreceptor (Horvath et al. 1999a), and we reasoned that the neurotoxi ...
Neuroanatomical characteristics of deep and superficial needling
... believed to exert its effects through sensory afferent stimulation. Although we are unable to assess, based on the present results, whether acupuncture works via stimulation of motor nerves, as the study was neuroanatomical rather than neurofunctional in nature, it is clear that tracer can be transp ...
... believed to exert its effects through sensory afferent stimulation. Although we are unable to assess, based on the present results, whether acupuncture works via stimulation of motor nerves, as the study was neuroanatomical rather than neurofunctional in nature, it is clear that tracer can be transp ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.