Chapter 36 Locomotion
... rise to alternating stepping movements. Four conclusions can be drawn from these early studies. 1. Supraspinal commands are not necessary for producing the basic motor pattern for stepping. 2. The basic rhythmicity of stepping is produced by neuronal circuits contained entirely within the spinal cor ...
... rise to alternating stepping movements. Four conclusions can be drawn from these early studies. 1. Supraspinal commands are not necessary for producing the basic motor pattern for stepping. 2. The basic rhythmicity of stepping is produced by neuronal circuits contained entirely within the spinal cor ...
Ventilatory disorders - Chirurgia toracica mini invasiva
... These neurons are part of a central pattern generator network that controls the periodic activity of bulbar and spinal motor neurons innervating the respiratory muscles. The generation and maintenance of normal respiratory rhythm and ventilation requires a tonic “drive,” which in turn maintains resp ...
... These neurons are part of a central pattern generator network that controls the periodic activity of bulbar and spinal motor neurons innervating the respiratory muscles. The generation and maintenance of normal respiratory rhythm and ventilation requires a tonic “drive,” which in turn maintains resp ...
Parallel Evolution of Cortical Areas Involved in Skilled Hand Use
... the third case, the brain was left intact and placed into phosphate buffer with 30% sucrose. In this case, the entire brain was sectioned horizontally extrinsic factors common to both groups. at 60 m. Alternate series of cortical sections were processed for Nissl or myelin (Gallyas, 1979). Material ...
... the third case, the brain was left intact and placed into phosphate buffer with 30% sucrose. In this case, the entire brain was sectioned horizontally extrinsic factors common to both groups. at 60 m. Alternate series of cortical sections were processed for Nissl or myelin (Gallyas, 1979). Material ...
Conditioned and unconditioned regulation of human activity
... Characteristic of conditional irritants For development of a conditioned reflex it is necessary, that any factor of an environment, which may be perceived by one of analyzer systems of an organism, occur repeatedly and acted on an organism of the person or an animal. If at each occurrence this i ...
... Characteristic of conditional irritants For development of a conditioned reflex it is necessary, that any factor of an environment, which may be perceived by one of analyzer systems of an organism, occur repeatedly and acted on an organism of the person or an animal. If at each occurrence this i ...
Oscillatory Neural Fields for Globally Optimal Path Planning
... called a "neural field". The neurons are put in a one-to-one correspondence with the ordered pairs, (i, j) where i = 1, ... , Nand j = 1, ... , M. The ordered pair (i, j) will sometimes be called the (i, j)th neuron's "label". Associated with the (i, j) th neuron is a set of neuron labels denoted by ...
... called a "neural field". The neurons are put in a one-to-one correspondence with the ordered pairs, (i, j) where i = 1, ... , Nand j = 1, ... , M. The ordered pair (i, j) will sometimes be called the (i, j)th neuron's "label". Associated with the (i, j) th neuron is a set of neuron labels denoted by ...
The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction
... neurons, it seems clear that these cells code relatively abstract aspects of observed actions. But how abstract is this coding? One of the first observations of these cells was that they do not fire at the sight of a pantomimed grasping action in the absence of a graspable object19. This initially s ...
... neurons, it seems clear that these cells code relatively abstract aspects of observed actions. But how abstract is this coding? One of the first observations of these cells was that they do not fire at the sight of a pantomimed grasping action in the absence of a graspable object19. This initially s ...
Single unit and extracellular firing rate recordings in vivo
... Real-time RT-PCR analysis of TRH receptor-expression in HDC KO and WT mice. Total cellular mRNA was isolated from posterior hypothalamic slices (500-600µm thick) using an mRNA isolation kit (Pharmacia Biotech) from 6 -11 week-old KO (n=4) and WT (n=4) mice according to the manufacturer´s protocol. T ...
... Real-time RT-PCR analysis of TRH receptor-expression in HDC KO and WT mice. Total cellular mRNA was isolated from posterior hypothalamic slices (500-600µm thick) using an mRNA isolation kit (Pharmacia Biotech) from 6 -11 week-old KO (n=4) and WT (n=4) mice according to the manufacturer´s protocol. T ...
TOWARDS AN "EARLY NEURAL CIRCUIT SIMULATOR": A FPGA
... information, that is, in the trigeminal nucleus. However, it is well established that neurons of the second stage respond to more than one whisker [11]. This means that they will produce a voltage spike when any of several different whiskers is moved or deflected. Thus, the neurons in the trigeminal ...
... information, that is, in the trigeminal nucleus. However, it is well established that neurons of the second stage respond to more than one whisker [11]. This means that they will produce a voltage spike when any of several different whiskers is moved or deflected. Thus, the neurons in the trigeminal ...
Dynamics of Propofol-Induced Loss of Consciousness Across
... from wakefulness to unconsciousness is not a continuous process, but rather a series of discrete neural changes. Key words: general anesthesia; local field potential; loss of consciousness; primate; sensory premotor network; single-neuron activity ...
... from wakefulness to unconsciousness is not a continuous process, but rather a series of discrete neural changes. Key words: general anesthesia; local field potential; loss of consciousness; primate; sensory premotor network; single-neuron activity ...
Hippocampal Formation
... location in an environment to within 1 cm. Unlike the topographic maps in the visual, somatosensory, and motor cortices, the place cell map is not topographically organized within the hippocampus. Cells with place fields next to each other in an environment are not located next to each other in the ...
... location in an environment to within 1 cm. Unlike the topographic maps in the visual, somatosensory, and motor cortices, the place cell map is not topographically organized within the hippocampus. Cells with place fields next to each other in an environment are not located next to each other in the ...
Cholecystokinin Modulates Migration of
... GnRH-1 neurons, increasing the distance that the cells migrated. GnRH-1 neuronal migration in mice carrying a genetic deletion of either CCK-1R or CCK-2R receptor genes was also analyzed. At embryonic day 14.5, the total number of GnRH-1 cells was identical in wild-type and mutant mice; however, the ...
... GnRH-1 neurons, increasing the distance that the cells migrated. GnRH-1 neuronal migration in mice carrying a genetic deletion of either CCK-1R or CCK-2R receptor genes was also analyzed. At embryonic day 14.5, the total number of GnRH-1 cells was identical in wild-type and mutant mice; however, the ...
Reinforcement learning, conditioning, and the brain
... beneficial for the design of experiments in these areas, because these tools can rigorously describe task contingencies that are vastly more complex than those typically devised by psychologists and neuroscientists. This article consists of two parts. Part I provides a brief but rigorous introductio ...
... beneficial for the design of experiments in these areas, because these tools can rigorously describe task contingencies that are vastly more complex than those typically devised by psychologists and neuroscientists. This article consists of two parts. Part I provides a brief but rigorous introductio ...
The spinothalamic tract: An examination of the cells of origin of the
... spread to the midbrain were included in the data analysis. In addition, the targeted thalamic nuclei (VPL, PO, CL, SM), which are those with known STT terminations, had to be well filled. Thirteen of these animals had HRP injections Fig. 1. Representative drawings of the extents of thalamic injectio ...
... spread to the midbrain were included in the data analysis. In addition, the targeted thalamic nuclei (VPL, PO, CL, SM), which are those with known STT terminations, had to be well filled. Thirteen of these animals had HRP injections Fig. 1. Representative drawings of the extents of thalamic injectio ...
Biology - Chpt 14- The Nervous System
... Autonomic or ANS which is associated with the involuntary control of body movements such as reflex and controls such things as heart rate, body temperature, digestion etc. The ANS is further divided into • Parasympathetic nervous system works in actions that do not require a fast response (rest and ...
... Autonomic or ANS which is associated with the involuntary control of body movements such as reflex and controls such things as heart rate, body temperature, digestion etc. The ANS is further divided into • Parasympathetic nervous system works in actions that do not require a fast response (rest and ...
Remapping of Border Ownership in the Visual Cortex
... Krieger Mind/Brain Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 ...
... Krieger Mind/Brain Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 ...
A Theory of Cerebral Cortex - Temporal Dynamics of Learning Center
... knowledge and how is it acquired and stored?, and How is cortical knowledge used to carry out thinking? The theory’s explanation for another key aspect of cortical and thalamic function – the moment-by-moment selection, evaluation, and execution of the action commands that control waking brain activ ...
... knowledge and how is it acquired and stored?, and How is cortical knowledge used to carry out thinking? The theory’s explanation for another key aspect of cortical and thalamic function – the moment-by-moment selection, evaluation, and execution of the action commands that control waking brain activ ...
Passive Properties of Swimmeret Motor Neurons
... Section of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8755 ...
... Section of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8755 ...
Lecture 6 th week
... • The Respiratory Center stimulated by1. Hypoxia - Fall in arterial PO2 2.Acidosis- Fall in pH or increase H+ concentration of arterial blood. 3. Hypercapnia -Rise in arterial PCO2 . ...
... • The Respiratory Center stimulated by1. Hypoxia - Fall in arterial PO2 2.Acidosis- Fall in pH or increase H+ concentration of arterial blood. 3. Hypercapnia -Rise in arterial PCO2 . ...
Nerve activates contraction
... Figure 7.3b, c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Figure 7.3b, c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Time constants
... Here, “ion channel kinetics” is used to refer to all the processes involved in synaptic transmission, which include (i) the duration the neurotransmitter remains in the synaptic cleft; (ii) how long it takes the receptor to desensitize to the transmitter; (iii) and how long the channel remains open ...
... Here, “ion channel kinetics” is used to refer to all the processes involved in synaptic transmission, which include (i) the duration the neurotransmitter remains in the synaptic cleft; (ii) how long it takes the receptor to desensitize to the transmitter; (iii) and how long the channel remains open ...
Your Nervous System - Springfield Public Schools
... their brains are already fully developed. Explain that the brain continues to develop into a person’s twenties. During the teen years, further connections are made between neurons that affect emotions and between those that affect physical and mental skills. This allows for more efficient thinking a ...
... their brains are already fully developed. Explain that the brain continues to develop into a person’s twenties. During the teen years, further connections are made between neurons that affect emotions and between those that affect physical and mental skills. This allows for more efficient thinking a ...
PDF
... propagating wave of excitation [1]-[5]. Propagation velocities for such waves are of order 0.06 m s-' in cortical slices [Z]and 0.14 m s-l in hipwcampal slices 111. This is much slower than the typical speed of action potential propagation along axons, which is more l i e 0.5 m s-l 111. The wave vel ...
... propagating wave of excitation [1]-[5]. Propagation velocities for such waves are of order 0.06 m s-' in cortical slices [Z]and 0.14 m s-l in hipwcampal slices 111. This is much slower than the typical speed of action potential propagation along axons, which is more l i e 0.5 m s-l 111. The wave vel ...
Embryology (Animal
... matures, feeding it by means of a large placenta. The embryo begins from the cleavage of a zygote. The cleaving ball of cells embeds itself in the wall of the uterus and begins the process of gastrulation and organogenesis that will transform the embryo into a fetus by the second month. The fetus wi ...
... matures, feeding it by means of a large placenta. The embryo begins from the cleavage of a zygote. The cleaving ball of cells embeds itself in the wall of the uterus and begins the process of gastrulation and organogenesis that will transform the embryo into a fetus by the second month. The fetus wi ...
The Science of Psychology
... • Chemical substances can affect neuronal communication. • Agonists - mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell. • Antagonists - block or reduce a cell’s response to the action of other chemicals or n ...
... • Chemical substances can affect neuronal communication. • Agonists - mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell. • Antagonists - block or reduce a cell’s response to the action of other chemicals or n ...
Dendritic Morphology of Pyramidal Neurons in the
... The primate cerebral cortex is characterized by regional variation in the structure of pyramidal neurons, with more complex dendritic arbors and greater spine density observed in prefrontal compared with sensory and motor cortices. Although there are several investigations in humans and other primat ...
... The primate cerebral cortex is characterized by regional variation in the structure of pyramidal neurons, with more complex dendritic arbors and greater spine density observed in prefrontal compared with sensory and motor cortices. Although there are several investigations in humans and other primat ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.