NeuralNets
... Length and propagation speeds of axons different all pulses arrive at target cell simultaneously High aggregate action potential at target cell reaches threshold ...
... Length and propagation speeds of axons different all pulses arrive at target cell simultaneously High aggregate action potential at target cell reaches threshold ...
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... 49. Drug X passes through the blood-brain barrier via active transport. What does this mean? a. Drug X diffuses through the blood-brain barrier. b. Drug X uses osmosis to pass through the blood-brain barrier. c. Drug X directly attaches to neurons to pass through the blood-brain barrier. d. Drug X u ...
... 49. Drug X passes through the blood-brain barrier via active transport. What does this mean? a. Drug X diffuses through the blood-brain barrier. b. Drug X uses osmosis to pass through the blood-brain barrier. c. Drug X directly attaches to neurons to pass through the blood-brain barrier. d. Drug X u ...
Chapter 8 The Nervous System
... White matter—tissue composed primarily of myelinated axons (nerves or tracts) Gray matter—tissue composed primarily of cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers ...
... White matter—tissue composed primarily of myelinated axons (nerves or tracts) Gray matter—tissue composed primarily of cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers ...
ling411-16 - Rice University
... differing with respect to others Such maxicolumns may be further subdivided into functional columns on the basis of additional features That is, this columnar structure is ...
... differing with respect to others Such maxicolumns may be further subdivided into functional columns on the basis of additional features That is, this columnar structure is ...
Trends Towards Progress of Brains and Sense Organs
... we must confess that a classification is very difficult. We can only distinguish between general and more specific trends. The former are of much greater interest for the understanding of evolution as they govern the development of many branches of the phylogeny of animals. However, by using the ter ...
... we must confess that a classification is very difficult. We can only distinguish between general and more specific trends. The former are of much greater interest for the understanding of evolution as they govern the development of many branches of the phylogeny of animals. However, by using the ter ...
reciprocal inhibition in the motor nervous system of the nematode
... is almost certainly the neurotransmitter released by the DE motoneurons (C. D. Johnson and A. 0. W. Stretton, submitted for publication). If there are excitatory cholinergic postsynaptic receptors on the VI dendrite, then the dorsal excitors would excite the VI at the same time that they activate th ...
... is almost certainly the neurotransmitter released by the DE motoneurons (C. D. Johnson and A. 0. W. Stretton, submitted for publication). If there are excitatory cholinergic postsynaptic receptors on the VI dendrite, then the dorsal excitors would excite the VI at the same time that they activate th ...
fMRI can see M1, premotor activity Corresponding to Individual
... will fit the training data well but will be unable to predict a different test data well. Conversely, an overly simple function will not be able to capture the true mapping between the regressor and the regressand, thus under-fitting the training data. In our case the number of voxels chosen during ...
... will fit the training data well but will be unable to predict a different test data well. Conversely, an overly simple function will not be able to capture the true mapping between the regressor and the regressand, thus under-fitting the training data. In our case the number of voxels chosen during ...
Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
... receive, transmit, and regulate the long-distance flow of information within the body. o To transfer information between cells, neurons use a chemical signal that acts over very short distances. ...
... receive, transmit, and regulate the long-distance flow of information within the body. o To transfer information between cells, neurons use a chemical signal that acts over very short distances. ...
Nervous System Exams and Answers
... It expands and contracts to allow different amounts of light in. B. It sends the picture to the brain. C. It contains cones and rods to help create pictures of what we see. ...
... It expands and contracts to allow different amounts of light in. B. It sends the picture to the brain. C. It contains cones and rods to help create pictures of what we see. ...
Visual adaptation: Neural, psychological and computational aspects
... adapted feedforward input and unaltered recurrent excitatory and inhibitory connections within MT. The complex nature of some perceptual aftereffects (see below) suggests, however, that higher levels of the visual system also adapt. Further work is needed to understand the relative importance of low- ...
... adapted feedforward input and unaltered recurrent excitatory and inhibitory connections within MT. The complex nature of some perceptual aftereffects (see below) suggests, however, that higher levels of the visual system also adapt. Further work is needed to understand the relative importance of low- ...
A Brief History of the Reticular Formation
... triggering signal. Since the red nucleus receives most of its inputs from the cerebellum it very likely is responsible for modulating these body state signals. After all, the body must be in an upright posture before walking to begin or in a state which the cerebellum can transform to an upright pos ...
... triggering signal. Since the red nucleus receives most of its inputs from the cerebellum it very likely is responsible for modulating these body state signals. After all, the body must be in an upright posture before walking to begin or in a state which the cerebellum can transform to an upright pos ...
PDF of this article
... al. (26) have demonstrated that complete lesioning of the globus pallidus causes a slight increase in the firing rate of subthalamic neurons, which is far less pronounced than the increase observed in animals with nigrostriatal damage. These data suggest that an additional, if not alternative, expla ...
... al. (26) have demonstrated that complete lesioning of the globus pallidus causes a slight increase in the firing rate of subthalamic neurons, which is far less pronounced than the increase observed in animals with nigrostriatal damage. These data suggest that an additional, if not alternative, expla ...
- Valiente Lab
... Schizophrenia is a complex disorder that interferes with the function of several brain systems required for cognition and normal social behaviour. Although the most notable clinical aspects of the disease only become apparent during late adolescence or early adulthood, many lines of evidence suggest ...
... Schizophrenia is a complex disorder that interferes with the function of several brain systems required for cognition and normal social behaviour. Although the most notable clinical aspects of the disease only become apparent during late adolescence or early adulthood, many lines of evidence suggest ...
Psychopharmacology
... • Thus, it is possible that the mesolimbic pathway may mediate both the rewarding and aversive properties of opiates ...
... • Thus, it is possible that the mesolimbic pathway may mediate both the rewarding and aversive properties of opiates ...
Efficient gene transduction of neurons by lentivirus with
... because they have high transcription activities in all the infected cells whatever their cell types are. Taken together, VSV-G-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors with CMV promoter express transgene in not only neuronal but also glial cells in the central nervous system3–5,8 Thus, it is indispensable to ...
... because they have high transcription activities in all the infected cells whatever their cell types are. Taken together, VSV-G-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors with CMV promoter express transgene in not only neuronal but also glial cells in the central nervous system3–5,8 Thus, it is indispensable to ...
PDF file
... to a few well-known limitations in prior neural network models (e.g., see the array of criticisms by Marvin Minsky in Minsky, 1991). Weng (2011) argued that we have overcome such limitations. The motivational systems are often referred to as diffuse systems in the sense that each modulatory neuron i ...
... to a few well-known limitations in prior neural network models (e.g., see the array of criticisms by Marvin Minsky in Minsky, 1991). Weng (2011) argued that we have overcome such limitations. The motivational systems are often referred to as diffuse systems in the sense that each modulatory neuron i ...
Preview Sample 1
... 49. Drug X passes through the blood-brain barrier via active transport. What does this mean? a. Drug X diffuses through the blood-brain barrier. b. Drug X uses osmosis to pass through the blood-brain barrier. c. Drug X directly attaches to neurons to pass through the blood-brain barrier. d. Drug X u ...
... 49. Drug X passes through the blood-brain barrier via active transport. What does this mean? a. Drug X diffuses through the blood-brain barrier. b. Drug X uses osmosis to pass through the blood-brain barrier. c. Drug X directly attaches to neurons to pass through the blood-brain barrier. d. Drug X u ...
Mental Processes -- How the Mind Arises from the Brain Roger Ellman
... - recognition of the letter E, whether capital or lower case, hand written or mechanically produced, large or small, alone or among other symbols, even though the particular E being recognized may be different from any ever before seen; - recognition of all beings that are human as human beings; - r ...
... - recognition of the letter E, whether capital or lower case, hand written or mechanically produced, large or small, alone or among other symbols, even though the particular E being recognized may be different from any ever before seen; - recognition of all beings that are human as human beings; - r ...
formalin perfusion for correlative light- and
... system has not been investigated. Maxwell & Kruger (1965 a) mention that the Pease technique is suitable for Nissl and PAS staining. Guillery & Ralston (1964) found Holt & Hicks's method at pH 7-2 suitable for the Nauta method (1957), although Cragg (1961) has suggested that formol saline buffered a ...
... system has not been investigated. Maxwell & Kruger (1965 a) mention that the Pease technique is suitable for Nissl and PAS staining. Guillery & Ralston (1964) found Holt & Hicks's method at pH 7-2 suitable for the Nauta method (1957), although Cragg (1961) has suggested that formol saline buffered a ...
Section and Senior Editor - HAL
... Mignot, 2005), were defined as the occurrence of PS directly from W, namely a PS episode that follows directly a wake episode lasting more than 60 s without being preceded by any cortical slow activity of more that 5 s during the 60 s. Analysis of EEG power spectral density from ipsilateral frontopa ...
... Mignot, 2005), were defined as the occurrence of PS directly from W, namely a PS episode that follows directly a wake episode lasting more than 60 s without being preceded by any cortical slow activity of more that 5 s during the 60 s. Analysis of EEG power spectral density from ipsilateral frontopa ...
Chapter 2 Intrinsic Dynamics of an Excitatory
... The present chapter examines the discrete-time dynamics of such coupled neuron pairs with four different types of nonlinear activation functions. The complex dynamical behavior of the system is generic for the different types of activation functions considered here. Features specific to each of the ...
... The present chapter examines the discrete-time dynamics of such coupled neuron pairs with four different types of nonlinear activation functions. The complex dynamical behavior of the system is generic for the different types of activation functions considered here. Features specific to each of the ...
V1 mechanisms underlying chromatic contrast detection
... would be the case if only L⫺M or S-cone-dominated lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) afferents were active at threshold. Such a result would indicate that chromatic detection is mediated by distinct populations of red–green and blue–yellow V1 neurons. We recorded the responses of V1 neurons to near-th ...
... would be the case if only L⫺M or S-cone-dominated lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) afferents were active at threshold. Such a result would indicate that chromatic detection is mediated by distinct populations of red–green and blue–yellow V1 neurons. We recorded the responses of V1 neurons to near-th ...
On the choice of a sparse prior
... divided by the number of overall stimuli. Using the relative distribution instead of the original distribution automatically corrects for the distribution of contrasts in the natural scenes. It thus converts the highly peaked distribution of coefficients into a rather flat function. Before learning ...
... divided by the number of overall stimuli. Using the relative distribution instead of the original distribution automatically corrects for the distribution of contrasts in the natural scenes. It thus converts the highly peaked distribution of coefficients into a rather flat function. Before learning ...
Lecture Outline
... K+ is higher than at rest, so the membrane potential is closer to EK than it is at the resting potential. The K+ channels eventually close, and the membrane potential returns to the resting potential. ...
... K+ is higher than at rest, so the membrane potential is closer to EK than it is at the resting potential. The K+ channels eventually close, and the membrane potential returns to the resting potential. ...
Microevolution of neuroendocrine mechanisms
... population given the range of possible environments), along with the possibility of genetic variation among individuals in their individual norms of reaction (the range of phenotypes/ages at first reproduction possible for that individual given the range of possible environments) (Roff 2002; Lessell ...
... population given the range of possible environments), along with the possibility of genetic variation among individuals in their individual norms of reaction (the range of phenotypes/ages at first reproduction possible for that individual given the range of possible environments) (Roff 2002; Lessell ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.