KliperEtAl CIP2010
... challenge is especially pronounced when trying to learn the representation of visual objects in higher brain areas, where simple features representations (and models) are neglected in favor of complex, non-trivial and possibly semantic ones. Visual processing in the cortex is classically considered ...
... challenge is especially pronounced when trying to learn the representation of visual objects in higher brain areas, where simple features representations (and models) are neglected in favor of complex, non-trivial and possibly semantic ones. Visual processing in the cortex is classically considered ...
Higher-Order Functions
... Memory consolidation at the cellular level involves anatomical and physiological changes in neurons and synapses. Research on animals has indicated that the following mechanisms may be involved: Increased neurotransmitter release Facilitation at synapses The formation of additional synaptic ...
... Memory consolidation at the cellular level involves anatomical and physiological changes in neurons and synapses. Research on animals has indicated that the following mechanisms may be involved: Increased neurotransmitter release Facilitation at synapses The formation of additional synaptic ...
Severe Reduction of Rat Defensive Behavior to a Predator by
... same investigator that conducted the behavioral test. To examine the pattern of hypothalamic activation during the display of innate defensive behavior, five animals were then placed individually for 10 min in a closed, wired-meshed compartment (70 3 16 3 30 cm) located inside a larger arena contain ...
... same investigator that conducted the behavioral test. To examine the pattern of hypothalamic activation during the display of innate defensive behavior, five animals were then placed individually for 10 min in a closed, wired-meshed compartment (70 3 16 3 30 cm) located inside a larger arena contain ...
Historical analysis of the neural control of movement from the
... on our ability to control our muscles to contract in a graded manner in precise spatial and temporal sequence. “Sensorimotor control” is an apposite term for the physiological study of how this is achieved because motor acts are inseparably linked with ongoing sensory inputs, especially from the pro ...
... on our ability to control our muscles to contract in a graded manner in precise spatial and temporal sequence. “Sensorimotor control” is an apposite term for the physiological study of how this is achieved because motor acts are inseparably linked with ongoing sensory inputs, especially from the pro ...
THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF VISUAL-SACCADIC DECISION MAKING
... to physiological study. For the second class, behaviors in which no deterministic connection was obvious between sensation and action, he followed Aristotle’s lead, identifying the source of these actions as the nonmaterial soul. Descartes’ dualist proposal was a tremendous advance for physiologists ...
... to physiological study. For the second class, behaviors in which no deterministic connection was obvious between sensation and action, he followed Aristotle’s lead, identifying the source of these actions as the nonmaterial soul. Descartes’ dualist proposal was a tremendous advance for physiologists ...
Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia
... General visceral sensory neurons monitor these sensations within visceral organs ...
... General visceral sensory neurons monitor these sensations within visceral organs ...
Signal Propagation and Logic Gating in Networks of Integrate
... rather than reporting the values of ⌬gex and ⌬ginh, which are the synaptic strengths, we report the resulting EPSP and IPSP sizes. These are obtained within the active network from spike-triggered average membrane potentials of postsynaptic neurons after spikes evoked within individual network neuro ...
... rather than reporting the values of ⌬gex and ⌬ginh, which are the synaptic strengths, we report the resulting EPSP and IPSP sizes. These are obtained within the active network from spike-triggered average membrane potentials of postsynaptic neurons after spikes evoked within individual network neuro ...
Calcium Binding Protein-Like lmmunoreactivity Labels the Terminal
... in ice-cold 0.1 M PBS in all but the one case perfused with I 0% formolsaline. In the latter, sections were collected and stored (for 1 month) in the fixative, but were washed at room temperature for 24 hr in PBS prior to processing for immunohistochemistry. Sections were incubated for 24-48 hr at 4 ...
... in ice-cold 0.1 M PBS in all but the one case perfused with I 0% formolsaline. In the latter, sections were collected and stored (for 1 month) in the fixative, but were washed at room temperature for 24 hr in PBS prior to processing for immunohistochemistry. Sections were incubated for 24-48 hr at 4 ...
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Neural Plasticity Volume 2008, Article ID 658323, pages
... Center for Memory and Brain, Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, 2 Cummington Sreet, Boston, MA 02215, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Michael E. Hasselmo, [email protected] Received 11 January 2008; Accepted 14 May 2008 Recommended by Roland S.G. Jones T ...
... Center for Memory and Brain, Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, 2 Cummington Sreet, Boston, MA 02215, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Michael E. Hasselmo, [email protected] Received 11 January 2008; Accepted 14 May 2008 Recommended by Roland S.G. Jones T ...
Univerzita Karlova v Praze Přírodovědecká fakulta
... have an opportunity to examine the effect different substances on organisms on the molecular level. Hughes et al. (1975) was one of the first, who isolated endogenous compounds binding to opioid receptors. Some organisms may produce endogenous opioids as a result of pain, reward or addiction. It is ...
... have an opportunity to examine the effect different substances on organisms on the molecular level. Hughes et al. (1975) was one of the first, who isolated endogenous compounds binding to opioid receptors. Some organisms may produce endogenous opioids as a result of pain, reward or addiction. It is ...
Phase synchronization of bursting neurons in clustered small
... intercluster probability p0 . At this larger scale the network is not supposed to have the SW property, though, and it is more properly described as a random network (Erdös-Renyi). We study a network composed of M SW subnetworks with L neurons each [Fig. 1(a)]. The two main properties characterizin ...
... intercluster probability p0 . At this larger scale the network is not supposed to have the SW property, though, and it is more properly described as a random network (Erdös-Renyi). We study a network composed of M SW subnetworks with L neurons each [Fig. 1(a)]. The two main properties characterizin ...
Spike-and-Wave Oscillations Based on the Properties of GABAB
... generalized spike-and-wave (SW) epileptic seizures. The cellular mechanism of SW involves complex interactions between intrinsic neuronal firing properties and multiple types of synaptic receptors, but because of the complexity of these interactions the exact details of this mechanism are unclear. I ...
... generalized spike-and-wave (SW) epileptic seizures. The cellular mechanism of SW involves complex interactions between intrinsic neuronal firing properties and multiple types of synaptic receptors, but because of the complexity of these interactions the exact details of this mechanism are unclear. I ...
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... VIII. Imaging electrical activity in the cerebral cortex. 1. Local electrical activity in the cerebral cortex is coupled to an increase in local blood flow. This is known as regional cerebral blood flow and is used in some imaging techniques. 2. With advances in MRI, it is now possible to image acti ...
... VIII. Imaging electrical activity in the cerebral cortex. 1. Local electrical activity in the cerebral cortex is coupled to an increase in local blood flow. This is known as regional cerebral blood flow and is used in some imaging techniques. 2. With advances in MRI, it is now possible to image acti ...
How is the stimulus represented in the nervous system?
... The problem comes in estimating P(v) and P(n) which may be difficult to do meaningfully, especially for natural stimuli. Thus we often work on the forward problem, estimating the response given an arbitrary stimulus, and postpone the reverse problem. There is another problem: what is the appropriate ...
... The problem comes in estimating P(v) and P(n) which may be difficult to do meaningfully, especially for natural stimuli. Thus we often work on the forward problem, estimating the response given an arbitrary stimulus, and postpone the reverse problem. There is another problem: what is the appropriate ...
Cortical and basal ganglia contributions to habit learning and
... trial). For example, to study the effects of automaticity on neuronal responses in motor cortex, Matsuzaka, Picard and Strick [4] had monkeys practice the same motor sequence almost daily for up to two years. Despite the difficulty of studying automaticity, the past few years have seen some importan ...
... trial). For example, to study the effects of automaticity on neuronal responses in motor cortex, Matsuzaka, Picard and Strick [4] had monkeys practice the same motor sequence almost daily for up to two years. Despite the difficulty of studying automaticity, the past few years have seen some importan ...
Synapses and Neurotransmitters
... different neurons allowing the message from one to be multiplied very quickly by sending it to many other neurons. ...
... different neurons allowing the message from one to be multiplied very quickly by sending it to many other neurons. ...
Lexical Plasticity in Early Bilinguals Does Not Alter Phoneme
... pseudowords were created from Catalan words including vowel /e/, being replaced by vowel />/ (like the ‘‘finestra’’ example just described). As can be seen, />/type pseudowords corresponded in fact to the way Spanish natives mispronounce some Catalan words. The results of the experiment showed that ...
... pseudowords were created from Catalan words including vowel /e/, being replaced by vowel />/ (like the ‘‘finestra’’ example just described). As can be seen, />/type pseudowords corresponded in fact to the way Spanish natives mispronounce some Catalan words. The results of the experiment showed that ...
The Adenosine Story Goes Ionic: CaV2.1
... channels are thus particularly favorable candidates to contribute to adenosine’s promotion of sleep. However, testing an ion channel’s involvement in adenosinergic regulation of synaptic transmission in the intact brain is tricky, since, if modified, network excitability and hence release of neurotr ...
... channels are thus particularly favorable candidates to contribute to adenosine’s promotion of sleep. However, testing an ion channel’s involvement in adenosinergic regulation of synaptic transmission in the intact brain is tricky, since, if modified, network excitability and hence release of neurotr ...
Convergence in Mammalian Nucleus of Solitary Tract During
... To understand better the development and maturation of neural circuits for salt taste processing,we have mademeasures of receptive field sizeand salt responsecharacteristicsof secondorder taste cells in 3 age groups of sheep.These data can be compared with parallel measuresof receptive fields and sa ...
... To understand better the development and maturation of neural circuits for salt taste processing,we have mademeasures of receptive field sizeand salt responsecharacteristicsof secondorder taste cells in 3 age groups of sheep.These data can be compared with parallel measuresof receptive fields and sa ...
Effect of dopamine receptor stimulation on voltage
... abolished the effect of the D1/5-type receptors on Na+ currents. The effect of the D1/5 agonist was replicated by treating the cells with a membrane-permeable analogue, cAMP (8-bromo-cAMP, 100 µM), and the effect was blocked by treating the cells with a protein kinase A inhibitor, (H-89, 2 µM). In r ...
... abolished the effect of the D1/5-type receptors on Na+ currents. The effect of the D1/5 agonist was replicated by treating the cells with a membrane-permeable analogue, cAMP (8-bromo-cAMP, 100 µM), and the effect was blocked by treating the cells with a protein kinase A inhibitor, (H-89, 2 µM). In r ...
Leptin Receptor Signaling and Action in the Central Nervous System
... Many of the actions of leptin are attributable to effects in the CNS, particularly in the basomedial hypothalamus, including the arcuate nucleus (ARH) (2,20). Thus, LRb signaling stimulates the elaboration of anorectic neuropeptides and suppresses the action of orexigenic peptides in the ARH. The fi ...
... Many of the actions of leptin are attributable to effects in the CNS, particularly in the basomedial hypothalamus, including the arcuate nucleus (ARH) (2,20). Thus, LRb signaling stimulates the elaboration of anorectic neuropeptides and suppresses the action of orexigenic peptides in the ARH. The fi ...
Retinal ganglion cell synchronization by fixational eye movements
... action potentials from retinal ganglion cells to the brain. The basic features of time-varying stimuli can be estimated from the activity of the ganglion cell population by using artificial neural networks, discriminant analysis or linear decoders1–6. For a completely stationary stimulus, the activi ...
... action potentials from retinal ganglion cells to the brain. The basic features of time-varying stimuli can be estimated from the activity of the ganglion cell population by using artificial neural networks, discriminant analysis or linear decoders1–6. For a completely stationary stimulus, the activi ...
Functional Organization of the Cat Visual Cortex in Relation to the
... lateral gyrus of both hemispheres to expose a large portion of areas 17 and 18, and a custom-made stainless steel chamber was cemented onto the skull. The dura was then separately removed from each hemisphere so that the central sinus was left intact, after which the margin of the dura was coagulate ...
... lateral gyrus of both hemispheres to expose a large portion of areas 17 and 18, and a custom-made stainless steel chamber was cemented onto the skull. The dura was then separately removed from each hemisphere so that the central sinus was left intact, after which the margin of the dura was coagulate ...
Acetylcholinesterase in central vocal control nuclei of the zebra finch
... 1985), birds (Kusunoki 1969; Medina and Reiner 1994) and mammals (Mesulam 1987), indicating that diverse vertebrate forms have similar cholinergic systems from the brainstem to higher order regions in the forebrain and back. As in mammals parts of the avian basal ganglia demonstrate characteristic c ...
... 1985), birds (Kusunoki 1969; Medina and Reiner 1994) and mammals (Mesulam 1987), indicating that diverse vertebrate forms have similar cholinergic systems from the brainstem to higher order regions in the forebrain and back. As in mammals parts of the avian basal ganglia demonstrate characteristic c ...
HCN channels are a novel therapeutic target for cognitive
... syndrome.7 This suggests that NF1 might also have a Rasindependent function in neurons. Ras-independent targets hold substantial therapeutic potential, as Ras itself is difficult to target, and drugs that interfere with downstream Ras signaling have poor tissue specificity and undesirable side effects ...
... syndrome.7 This suggests that NF1 might also have a Rasindependent function in neurons. Ras-independent targets hold substantial therapeutic potential, as Ras itself is difficult to target, and drugs that interfere with downstream Ras signaling have poor tissue specificity and undesirable side effects ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.