University of Groningen Herbivores, resources and risks
... material, and rainfall, determine key environmental gradients, such as soil fertility and water availability [22,23], which influence vegetation structure [7,24,25]. Plant structure, in turn, determines the quality and quantity of digestible material available to herbivores (Figure 4a) [9,26–30]. Pr ...
... material, and rainfall, determine key environmental gradients, such as soil fertility and water availability [22,23], which influence vegetation structure [7,24,25]. Plant structure, in turn, determines the quality and quantity of digestible material available to herbivores (Figure 4a) [9,26–30]. Pr ...
James Eldridge BC Fossorial Native Mammals
... The impact of ecosystem engineering is predicted to be greater in harsh environments such as arid and semi-arid areas, where production is limited more by resource flows than by trophic interactions, and where amelioration of habitat is likely to increase the survival of organisms and extend their d ...
... The impact of ecosystem engineering is predicted to be greater in harsh environments such as arid and semi-arid areas, where production is limited more by resource flows than by trophic interactions, and where amelioration of habitat is likely to increase the survival of organisms and extend their d ...
Diapositiva 1 - ICM-CSIC
... This can contribute to evolve the reactive management of fishing resources into a more adaptive and strategic one, in line with recommendations of GFCM Ecological modeling is nourished by conventional assessment methods, information that we already have and we organize into an ecosystem context We n ...
... This can contribute to evolve the reactive management of fishing resources into a more adaptive and strategic one, in line with recommendations of GFCM Ecological modeling is nourished by conventional assessment methods, information that we already have and we organize into an ecosystem context We n ...
project description
... (epigeic species), whereas others mix organic and mineral layers together (endogeic species). Still other species, such as L. terrestris, the common nightcrawler, form nearly vertical permanent ...
... (epigeic species), whereas others mix organic and mineral layers together (endogeic species). Still other species, such as L. terrestris, the common nightcrawler, form nearly vertical permanent ...
Keystone Interactions: Salmon and Bear in Riparian
... of the community (Mills and others 1993), that they are unique in their functioning within the community (Kotliar 2000), and that their impacts are disproportionately large relative to their abundances (Power and others 1996). Loss of a keystone species results in significant changes in the structur ...
... of the community (Mills and others 1993), that they are unique in their functioning within the community (Kotliar 2000), and that their impacts are disproportionately large relative to their abundances (Power and others 1996). Loss of a keystone species results in significant changes in the structur ...
When is a trophic cascade a trophic cascade?
... interaction as a trophic cascade, regardless of the exact mechanism by which the indirect interaction occurs (e.g. trophic cascades would include strong effects arising from indirect interactions, such as keystone or intraguild predation). Second, this definition (which includes both species-level a ...
... interaction as a trophic cascade, regardless of the exact mechanism by which the indirect interaction occurs (e.g. trophic cascades would include strong effects arising from indirect interactions, such as keystone or intraguild predation). Second, this definition (which includes both species-level a ...
Introduction to Landscape Ecology
... Perturbation at one scale may be equilibrium at a larger scale. Notion of natural range of variation and application as a guide for management ...
... Perturbation at one scale may be equilibrium at a larger scale. Notion of natural range of variation and application as a guide for management ...
1. Which of the following is an example of an abiotic factor? A. the
... 78. A species that has a narrow range of tolerance to heat, such as a polar bear, should be able to adapt easily to changes in its habitat that occur with global warming. True ...
... 78. A species that has a narrow range of tolerance to heat, such as a polar bear, should be able to adapt easily to changes in its habitat that occur with global warming. True ...
Biogeochemical Cycles
... Images from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall ...
... Images from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall ...
DDT Persuasive Essay - APES -
... infectious mosquitoes, especially in Africa. Pro-DDT argues that it’s the only efficient and cheap way to stop Malaria. Taking everything into consideration, DDT should still be banned in order to prevent toxical accumulation, destruction of ecosystem and people; and the extinction of organisms. DDT ...
... infectious mosquitoes, especially in Africa. Pro-DDT argues that it’s the only efficient and cheap way to stop Malaria. Taking everything into consideration, DDT should still be banned in order to prevent toxical accumulation, destruction of ecosystem and people; and the extinction of organisms. DDT ...
Text A: Nitrogen circulates through Earth`s environment in several
... nitrogen transformations tend to occur faster than geological processes like plate motion, a very slow, purely physical process that is a part of the carbon cycle. Instead, rates are affected by environmental factors that influence microbial activity, such as temperature, moisture, and resource avai ...
... nitrogen transformations tend to occur faster than geological processes like plate motion, a very slow, purely physical process that is a part of the carbon cycle. Instead, rates are affected by environmental factors that influence microbial activity, such as temperature, moisture, and resource avai ...
Predatory beetles facilitate plant growth by
... and the above-ground plant parts (except those that senesced under the original dung pats) were harvested from each chamber. To facilitate examination of possible earthworm behavioural responses to predation risk and corresponding impacts on soil physical and chemical properties, we separately quant ...
... and the above-ground plant parts (except those that senesced under the original dung pats) were harvested from each chamber. To facilitate examination of possible earthworm behavioural responses to predation risk and corresponding impacts on soil physical and chemical properties, we separately quant ...
Chapter 50-55 Biojeopardy
... regional human population can exist in one of two “zero population growth” configurations. The movement from one to the other is called ____________________ ...
... regional human population can exist in one of two “zero population growth” configurations. The movement from one to the other is called ____________________ ...
carrying capacity - Issaquah Connect
... regional human population can exist in one of two “zero population growth” configurations. The movement from one to the other is called ____________________ ...
... regional human population can exist in one of two “zero population growth” configurations. The movement from one to the other is called ____________________ ...
Soil microbes and their contribution to soil services
... BOX 2 Major functional roles of fungi in soil While fungi perform a vast diversity of functions, three functional groups of fungi have particular importance in soil ecosystems: the saprotrophs, the mycorrhizas, and the lichens. Saprotrophic fungi produce a wide range of enzymes, including amylases, ...
... BOX 2 Major functional roles of fungi in soil While fungi perform a vast diversity of functions, three functional groups of fungi have particular importance in soil ecosystems: the saprotrophs, the mycorrhizas, and the lichens. Saprotrophic fungi produce a wide range of enzymes, including amylases, ...
Networking Agroecology: Integrating the Diversity of Agroecosystem
... take a wider, network-based perspective of all the interactions occurring in the food web in and around the crop fields, as many of these effects cannot be measured, understood or predicted without this wider view: focusing solely on the crop and its immediate pests misses the bigger economic and ec ...
... take a wider, network-based perspective of all the interactions occurring in the food web in and around the crop fields, as many of these effects cannot be measured, understood or predicted without this wider view: focusing solely on the crop and its immediate pests misses the bigger economic and ec ...
生態學 - 國立臺南大學
... • The scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and the interactions that determine distribution and abundance. (Townsend, Begon and Happer, 2008) • The primitive humans must have been ecologists of sorts – driven by the need to understand where and when their food and their en ...
... • The scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and the interactions that determine distribution and abundance. (Townsend, Begon and Happer, 2008) • The primitive humans must have been ecologists of sorts – driven by the need to understand where and when their food and their en ...
Pdf version - Université de Liège
... The same is true, explains the researcher, of seasonal variations: it is hardly surprising that litter is more abundant in the Autumn and in the Winter, i.e. when P. oceanica sheds its leaves, than in the Spring and in the Summer. However, while these seasonal variations do have an influence on the ...
... The same is true, explains the researcher, of seasonal variations: it is hardly surprising that litter is more abundant in the Autumn and in the Winter, i.e. when P. oceanica sheds its leaves, than in the Spring and in the Summer. However, while these seasonal variations do have an influence on the ...
Document
... MS 1.2, 1.6, 2.1, 2.6 Collect primary and secondary data relating to water quality, population density and distribution along transects and record data found in quadrats. Use sampling devices to gather evidence of the distribution and abundance of various organisms. Investigate mangrove environments ...
... MS 1.2, 1.6, 2.1, 2.6 Collect primary and secondary data relating to water quality, population density and distribution along transects and record data found in quadrats. Use sampling devices to gather evidence of the distribution and abundance of various organisms. Investigate mangrove environments ...
Migratory Fishes as Material and Process Subsidies in Riverine Ecosystems
... Material subsidies are the input of energy, nutrients, and other resources by migrants that directly augment resource pools within ecosystems. In contrast, process subsidies arise from feeding or other behaviors of migrants that affect physical structure or process rates within the recipient ecosyst ...
... Material subsidies are the input of energy, nutrients, and other resources by migrants that directly augment resource pools within ecosystems. In contrast, process subsidies arise from feeding or other behaviors of migrants that affect physical structure or process rates within the recipient ecosyst ...
Concept Note Pollination
... pollination services and related risks are not adequately taken into account, directly or indirectly, in policies and regulations that may affect pollinators and their habitats. ...
... pollination services and related risks are not adequately taken into account, directly or indirectly, in policies and regulations that may affect pollinators and their habitats. ...
Plant–herbivore–decomposer stoichiometric mismatches and
... primary production [1], change fire regimes [2], modify plant communities [3] and shift ecosystems over geological timescales [4]. However, we still have a limited understanding of the effects of herbivores on nutrient availability, a major determinant of ecosystem fertility and plant properties [5, ...
... primary production [1], change fire regimes [2], modify plant communities [3] and shift ecosystems over geological timescales [4]. However, we still have a limited understanding of the effects of herbivores on nutrient availability, a major determinant of ecosystem fertility and plant properties [5, ...
Disturbance, Diversity, and Invasion: Implications for
... natural enemies, or competitors in ways that alter survival and fecundity. Temporal and spatial scale are clearly important in our recognition of the "discreteness" of a disturbance event, as nearly any ecological or biogeochemical process might fall under the last, most inclusive definition. Picket ...
... natural enemies, or competitors in ways that alter survival and fecundity. Temporal and spatial scale are clearly important in our recognition of the "discreteness" of a disturbance event, as nearly any ecological or biogeochemical process might fall under the last, most inclusive definition. Picket ...
Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can be of any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces (although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem).Energy, water, nitrogen and soil minerals are other essential abiotic components of an ecosystem. The energy that flows through ecosystems is obtained primarily from the sun. It generally enters the system through photosynthesis, a process that also captures carbon from the atmosphere. By feeding on plants and on one another, animals play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the system. They also influence the quantity of plant and microbial biomass present. By breaking down dead organic matter, decomposers release carbon back to the atmosphere and facilitate nutrient cycling by converting nutrients stored in dead biomass back to a form that can be readily used by plants and other microbes.Ecosystems are controlled both by external and internal factors. External factors such as climate, the parent material which forms the soil and topography, control the overall structure of an ecosystem and the way things work within it, but are not themselves influenced by the ecosystem. Other external factors include time and potential biota. Ecosystems are dynamic entities—invariably, they are subject to periodic disturbances and are in the process of recovering from some past disturbance. Ecosystems in similar environments that are located in different parts of the world can have very different characteristics simply because they contain different species. The introduction of non-native species can cause substantial shifts in ecosystem function. Internal factors not only control ecosystem processes but are also controlled by them and are often subject to feedback loops. While the resource inputs are generally controlled by external processes like climate and parent material, the availability of these resources within the ecosystem is controlled by internal factors like decomposition, root competition or shading. Other internal factors include disturbance, succession and the types of species present. Although humans exist and operate within ecosystems, their cumulative effects are large enough to influence external factors like climate.Biodiversity affects ecosystem function, as do the processes of disturbance and succession. Ecosystems provide a variety of goods and services upon which people depend; the principles of ecosystem management suggest that rather than managing individual species, natural resources should be managed at the level of the ecosystem itself. Classifying ecosystems into ecologically homogeneous units is an important step towards effective ecosystem management, but there is no single, agreed-upon way to do this.