The Science of Ecology for a Sustainable World
... The recognition that populations interact led to investigation of aggregates of populations, and their structure and dynamics as related to physico-chemical conditions. Edward Forbes (UK, 1815–1854) was the first to investigate the distribution of marine organisms at various depths in the sea. He de ...
... The recognition that populations interact led to investigation of aggregates of populations, and their structure and dynamics as related to physico-chemical conditions. Edward Forbes (UK, 1815–1854) was the first to investigate the distribution of marine organisms at various depths in the sea. He de ...
Soil biology and agriculture in the tropics
... heterogeneous distribution of resources, with greater nutrient concentrations and microbial densities occurring in vegetated than in bare soils. This process of habitat “engineering” facilitates the establishment of other plant species, with the result that species richness is increased under the ca ...
... heterogeneous distribution of resources, with greater nutrient concentrations and microbial densities occurring in vegetated than in bare soils. This process of habitat “engineering” facilitates the establishment of other plant species, with the result that species richness is increased under the ca ...
Riparian Areas: Providing Landscape Habitat Diversity
... of all landscape features. Natural disturbances and fluvial processes continually work together in these areas to create distinctive ecosystems that are crucial for biological habitat diversity. Because of their usually abundant supplies of water and nutrients, most riparian sites are highly producti ...
... of all landscape features. Natural disturbances and fluvial processes continually work together in these areas to create distinctive ecosystems that are crucial for biological habitat diversity. Because of their usually abundant supplies of water and nutrients, most riparian sites are highly producti ...
assessment of finfish cage aquaculture in the
... 7. For improved confidence in model application, it is essential that model outputs for deposition be validated against measured flux rates in the field. Furthermore, the model must be tested at additional sites that reflect the different environmental conditions encountered in Canada. ...
... 7. For improved confidence in model application, it is essential that model outputs for deposition be validated against measured flux rates in the field. Furthermore, the model must be tested at additional sites that reflect the different environmental conditions encountered in Canada. ...
Effects of elevated CO2 on keystone herbivores in modern Arctic
... arctic herbivores and likely compromise their ability to numerically respond to the predicted increase in plant growth (see section 1.5). There are also “top down” processes such as herbivory and predation in arctic ecosystems that are important in influencing how the biota responds to elevated CO2. ...
... arctic herbivores and likely compromise their ability to numerically respond to the predicted increase in plant growth (see section 1.5). There are also “top down” processes such as herbivory and predation in arctic ecosystems that are important in influencing how the biota responds to elevated CO2. ...
Parasites, ecosystems and sustainability: an ecological and complex
... atmospheric processes and associated environmental events; and cross-scale influences that mediate between the former two sets of variables. The figure illustrates how discrete processes (the life cycles of bacteria and decadal storm events) occurring on vastly different space–time scales are linked ...
... atmospheric processes and associated environmental events; and cross-scale influences that mediate between the former two sets of variables. The figure illustrates how discrete processes (the life cycles of bacteria and decadal storm events) occurring on vastly different space–time scales are linked ...
report - Oregon State University
... snowy winters. Sites were constrained to publicly accessible land (Bureau of Land Management) and within 500 m of an undeveloped road to facilitate access. Each site was ~30 × 30 m in size with similar vegetation structure and topography across the site. Sampling approach We selected several abioti ...
... snowy winters. Sites were constrained to publicly accessible land (Bureau of Land Management) and within 500 m of an undeveloped road to facilitate access. Each site was ~30 × 30 m in size with similar vegetation structure and topography across the site. Sampling approach We selected several abioti ...
Trophic ecology of meiofauna: Francisco J.A. Nascimento
... greater quantity than previously. Paper I found that meiofauna can feed on settled cyanobacteria at rates similar to what other studies have found for diatoms, yet suffer no apparent increase in mortality. However, growth of meiofauna is significantly slower on a diet of cyanobacteria than when fed ...
... greater quantity than previously. Paper I found that meiofauna can feed on settled cyanobacteria at rates similar to what other studies have found for diatoms, yet suffer no apparent increase in mortality. However, growth of meiofauna is significantly slower on a diet of cyanobacteria than when fed ...
A succession of theories: purging redundancy from disturbance theory
... thorough synthesis of disturbance-related concepts. More recently, successional theories have been applied to animals, building on the work done on plant succession, with the Habitat Accommodation Model being a prominent example (Fox, 1982). In this section, we discuss some of the more influential t ...
... thorough synthesis of disturbance-related concepts. More recently, successional theories have been applied to animals, building on the work done on plant succession, with the Habitat Accommodation Model being a prominent example (Fox, 1982). In this section, we discuss some of the more influential t ...
FEEDBACK IN THE PLANT-SOIL SYSTEM Joan G
... factors (e.g., temperature sensitivity) and combine these models with mechanistic formulations to describe processes of interest (productivity, biomass, nutrient availability). Others focus on formulations resulting from microbial physiology (e.g., growth based on assimilation efficiencies, stoichio ...
... factors (e.g., temperature sensitivity) and combine these models with mechanistic formulations to describe processes of interest (productivity, biomass, nutrient availability). Others focus on formulations resulting from microbial physiology (e.g., growth based on assimilation efficiencies, stoichio ...
Indirect effects of food web diversity and productivity
... eukaryotic species richness (Fig. 1). showed that average realized species richness positively influenced decomposition (F1,51 = 8·44, P < 0·01), but productivity (F1,51 = 0·61, P = 0·43) had no detectable effect. Eukaryotic species diversity (F 1,51 = 7·55, P < 0·01) and productivity (F 1,51 ...
... eukaryotic species richness (Fig. 1). showed that average realized species richness positively influenced decomposition (F1,51 = 8·44, P < 0·01), but productivity (F1,51 = 0·61, P = 0·43) had no detectable effect. Eukaryotic species diversity (F 1,51 = 7·55, P < 0·01) and productivity (F 1,51 ...
Indirect effects of food web diversity and productivity on bacterial
... eukaryotic species richness (Fig. 1). showed that average realized species richness positively influenced decomposition (F1,51 = 8·44, P < 0·01), but productivity (F1,51 = 0·61, P = 0·43) had no detectable effect. Eukaryotic species diversity (F 1,51 = 7·55, P < 0·01) and productivity (F 1,51 ...
... eukaryotic species richness (Fig. 1). showed that average realized species richness positively influenced decomposition (F1,51 = 8·44, P < 0·01), but productivity (F1,51 = 0·61, P = 0·43) had no detectable effect. Eukaryotic species diversity (F 1,51 = 7·55, P < 0·01) and productivity (F 1,51 ...
The Role of Whales in Marine Ecosystems
... • A decline of sperm whales in the tropical and subtropical Pacific may have resulted in a shift toward ecosystems dominated by squids and tunas (Essington 2006). ...
... • A decline of sperm whales in the tropical and subtropical Pacific may have resulted in a shift toward ecosystems dominated by squids and tunas (Essington 2006). ...
Top predators, mesopredators and their prey: interference
... top-down control and the number of trophic levels are determined by ecosystem productivity. These ideas were given a mathematical foundation as the Exploitation Ecosystems Hypothesis (EEH) (Oksanen et al. 1981; Oksanen & Oksanen 2000). For three-level ecosystems, EEH predicts that plants and predato ...
... top-down control and the number of trophic levels are determined by ecosystem productivity. These ideas were given a mathematical foundation as the Exploitation Ecosystems Hypothesis (EEH) (Oksanen et al. 1981; Oksanen & Oksanen 2000). For three-level ecosystems, EEH predicts that plants and predato ...
A View of Life
... All members of a species within a particular area are known as a population. – A collection of interacting populations is known as a community. A collection of communities make up an ecosystem. Ecosystems are characterized by chemical cycling and energy flow, both originating from photosynthesis ...
... All members of a species within a particular area are known as a population. – A collection of interacting populations is known as a community. A collection of communities make up an ecosystem. Ecosystems are characterized by chemical cycling and energy flow, both originating from photosynthesis ...
PHYSICS: Space
... A consumer is an organism that makes its own food using the Sun’s energy. ______ Question Twenty Nine The non-living characteristics of an ecosystem are called abiotic. ______ Question Thirty Predation occurs when one individual feeds on another. ______ Question Thirty One The Earth is the centre of ...
... A consumer is an organism that makes its own food using the Sun’s energy. ______ Question Twenty Nine The non-living characteristics of an ecosystem are called abiotic. ______ Question Thirty Predation occurs when one individual feeds on another. ______ Question Thirty One The Earth is the centre of ...
Biotic plantsoil feedbacks across temporal scales
... Plant effects on soil biota can also result in soil legacies affecting other species, with consequences for temporal plant community dynamics (Kardol et al. 2007; Hamman & Hawkes 2013). Soil legacies are not always equated with feedbacks, but are essentially feedbacks considered on longer time-scale ...
... Plant effects on soil biota can also result in soil legacies affecting other species, with consequences for temporal plant community dynamics (Kardol et al. 2007; Hamman & Hawkes 2013). Soil legacies are not always equated with feedbacks, but are essentially feedbacks considered on longer time-scale ...
what shapes an ecosystem?
... compete with each other for available resources: space/territory http://www.elise.com/weblog/photos/prairie-dogs.jpg ...
... compete with each other for available resources: space/territory http://www.elise.com/weblog/photos/prairie-dogs.jpg ...
Eds., K. Omori, X. Guo, N. Yoshie, N. Fujii, I.... © by TERRAPUB, 2011.
... precision with which δ 15N was estimated. The slower increase in observed δ 15N values with increasing trophic level compared to those predicted from model-derived trophic level may be due to several reasons. Firstly, the assumptions made in the comparison between observed and predicted δ15N values ...
... precision with which δ 15N was estimated. The slower increase in observed δ 15N values with increasing trophic level compared to those predicted from model-derived trophic level may be due to several reasons. Firstly, the assumptions made in the comparison between observed and predicted δ15N values ...
Granulation - a unique example of biofilm formation
... formation • AD operates currently at two main temperature levels 35-40˚C (mesophilic) and 55-60˚C (thermophilic) • Reaction proceed faster at high temperatures - so higher loading rates can be applied thermophilically ...
... formation • AD operates currently at two main temperature levels 35-40˚C (mesophilic) and 55-60˚C (thermophilic) • Reaction proceed faster at high temperatures - so higher loading rates can be applied thermophilically ...
toward an ecological classification of soil bacteria
... including which groups of bacteria are most abundant in different soils and why. With this study, we examined how the abundances of major soil bacterial phyla correspond to the biotic and abiotic characteristics of the soil environment to determine if they can be divided into ecologically meaningful ...
... including which groups of bacteria are most abundant in different soils and why. With this study, we examined how the abundances of major soil bacterial phyla correspond to the biotic and abiotic characteristics of the soil environment to determine if they can be divided into ecologically meaningful ...
Mechanistic theory and modelling of complex food‐web dynamics in
... Five ATN model variants (M0–M4) from very generalisable to more complex and specific to LC were built: The most basic, M0, is relatively standard (i.e. fm = fa = 1) with allometrically derived values of ri or xi for all guilds (Brose et al. 2006; Williams 2008) that are easily generalisable to many ...
... Five ATN model variants (M0–M4) from very generalisable to more complex and specific to LC were built: The most basic, M0, is relatively standard (i.e. fm = fa = 1) with allometrically derived values of ri or xi for all guilds (Brose et al. 2006; Williams 2008) that are easily generalisable to many ...
The Disturbing History of Intermediate Disturbance David M
... disturbance. Connell (1978) presents such a graph (his Fig. 1) as does Horn (1975: 209). In his legend for this figure Horn wrote 'Note that intermediate disturbances produce higher diversity than either very high or very low levels' (Horn 1975: 209). A very clear statement of the intermediate distu ...
... disturbance. Connell (1978) presents such a graph (his Fig. 1) as does Horn (1975: 209). In his legend for this figure Horn wrote 'Note that intermediate disturbances produce higher diversity than either very high or very low levels' (Horn 1975: 209). A very clear statement of the intermediate distu ...
TOWARD AN ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL BACTERIA N F ,
... including which groups of bacteria are most abundant in different soils and why. With this study, we examined how the abundances of major soil bacterial phyla correspond to the biotic and abiotic characteristics of the soil environment to determine if they can be divided into ecologically meaningful ...
... including which groups of bacteria are most abundant in different soils and why. With this study, we examined how the abundances of major soil bacterial phyla correspond to the biotic and abiotic characteristics of the soil environment to determine if they can be divided into ecologically meaningful ...
Herbivore physiological response to predation risk and implications
... Theory about consumer-nutrient limitation and trophic transfer in terrestrial ecosystems suggests that C occurs in excess, whereas N and P are the most limiting to herbivore nutrition, population dynamics, and ecosystem impacts (3, 5, 6). This conclusion is drawn from observations of large mismatche ...
... Theory about consumer-nutrient limitation and trophic transfer in terrestrial ecosystems suggests that C occurs in excess, whereas N and P are the most limiting to herbivore nutrition, population dynamics, and ecosystem impacts (3, 5, 6). This conclusion is drawn from observations of large mismatche ...
Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can be of any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces (although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem).Energy, water, nitrogen and soil minerals are other essential abiotic components of an ecosystem. The energy that flows through ecosystems is obtained primarily from the sun. It generally enters the system through photosynthesis, a process that also captures carbon from the atmosphere. By feeding on plants and on one another, animals play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the system. They also influence the quantity of plant and microbial biomass present. By breaking down dead organic matter, decomposers release carbon back to the atmosphere and facilitate nutrient cycling by converting nutrients stored in dead biomass back to a form that can be readily used by plants and other microbes.Ecosystems are controlled both by external and internal factors. External factors such as climate, the parent material which forms the soil and topography, control the overall structure of an ecosystem and the way things work within it, but are not themselves influenced by the ecosystem. Other external factors include time and potential biota. Ecosystems are dynamic entities—invariably, they are subject to periodic disturbances and are in the process of recovering from some past disturbance. Ecosystems in similar environments that are located in different parts of the world can have very different characteristics simply because they contain different species. The introduction of non-native species can cause substantial shifts in ecosystem function. Internal factors not only control ecosystem processes but are also controlled by them and are often subject to feedback loops. While the resource inputs are generally controlled by external processes like climate and parent material, the availability of these resources within the ecosystem is controlled by internal factors like decomposition, root competition or shading. Other internal factors include disturbance, succession and the types of species present. Although humans exist and operate within ecosystems, their cumulative effects are large enough to influence external factors like climate.Biodiversity affects ecosystem function, as do the processes of disturbance and succession. Ecosystems provide a variety of goods and services upon which people depend; the principles of ecosystem management suggest that rather than managing individual species, natural resources should be managed at the level of the ecosystem itself. Classifying ecosystems into ecologically homogeneous units is an important step towards effective ecosystem management, but there is no single, agreed-upon way to do this.