Reflex arc ppt - bananateachersworld
... AIM: To investigate the sensitivity of different areas of the skin. Method: 1. Working in pairs, one student looks in a different direction, while another student touches them on the back of the hand with either one or two pieces of blunt pencil about 1 cm apart. 2. The blindfolded student has to sa ...
... AIM: To investigate the sensitivity of different areas of the skin. Method: 1. Working in pairs, one student looks in a different direction, while another student touches them on the back of the hand with either one or two pieces of blunt pencil about 1 cm apart. 2. The blindfolded student has to sa ...
Chapter 16
... Anatomy of Olfactory Receptors 3. Discuss the anatomic relation of cells in the olfactory mucosa and describe the ...
... Anatomy of Olfactory Receptors 3. Discuss the anatomic relation of cells in the olfactory mucosa and describe the ...
Pudendal Nerve Entrapment Syndrome
... in some patients. In a great number of patients, it is possible to identify causes that can be myofascial dysfunction, viscerosomatic interaction, cystitis or recurrent vaginitis, endometriosis, or certain types of uterine leiomyomas if it's women. Aside from that set of annoyances that produce pude ...
... in some patients. In a great number of patients, it is possible to identify causes that can be myofascial dysfunction, viscerosomatic interaction, cystitis or recurrent vaginitis, endometriosis, or certain types of uterine leiomyomas if it's women. Aside from that set of annoyances that produce pude ...
The Nervous System
... five times more abundant than neurons. In common usage, supporting cells are collectively called neuroglia, or simply glial cells (from the Middle Greek glia = glue). Unlike neurons, which do not divide mitotically (except for particular neural stem cells; chapter 8, section 8.1), glial cells are ab ...
... five times more abundant than neurons. In common usage, supporting cells are collectively called neuroglia, or simply glial cells (from the Middle Greek glia = glue). Unlike neurons, which do not divide mitotically (except for particular neural stem cells; chapter 8, section 8.1), glial cells are ab ...
Slide 1
... – Central projections of primary afferents with cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion bifurcation and terminate on interneurons in the main sensory nucleus (MSN), – more rostral parts (nucleus oralis or interpolaris) of the V spinal nucleus (SpV) and on second order neurons in the spinal ...
... – Central projections of primary afferents with cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion bifurcation and terminate on interneurons in the main sensory nucleus (MSN), – more rostral parts (nucleus oralis or interpolaris) of the V spinal nucleus (SpV) and on second order neurons in the spinal ...
Signature - UNE Faculty/Staff Index Page
... Receives afferent sensory information from spinal cord (spinocerebellar tract) anterior lobe – superior cerebellum, separated from posterior lobe by primary fissure Receives proprioceptive information from afferent fibers in spinal cord posterior lobe – makes the bulk of the cerebellum – inferior to ...
... Receives afferent sensory information from spinal cord (spinocerebellar tract) anterior lobe – superior cerebellum, separated from posterior lobe by primary fissure Receives proprioceptive information from afferent fibers in spinal cord posterior lobe – makes the bulk of the cerebellum – inferior to ...
The peripheral nervous system-
... consist of both reactive astrocytes and mesenchymal elements. This type of glial scar results in the reconstitution of a glial limiting membrane (glia limitans) along interfaces where the CNS parenchyma is exposed, thereby redefining the CNS/non-CNS boundary. The observations of early workers (e.g. ...
... consist of both reactive astrocytes and mesenchymal elements. This type of glial scar results in the reconstitution of a glial limiting membrane (glia limitans) along interfaces where the CNS parenchyma is exposed, thereby redefining the CNS/non-CNS boundary. The observations of early workers (e.g. ...
Electrical Properties of Hypothalamic Neuroendocrine Cells
... supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in higher forms, produces the hormones of the neural lobe of the pituitary (40). This nucleus and its outflow tract, the hypothalamic pituitary pathway, constitute the most clearly established neuroendocrine system of vertebrates and consequently have been the o ...
... supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in higher forms, produces the hormones of the neural lobe of the pituitary (40). This nucleus and its outflow tract, the hypothalamic pituitary pathway, constitute the most clearly established neuroendocrine system of vertebrates and consequently have been the o ...
Chapter 15 Autonomic NS
... – vasoconstriction which elevates blood pressure – parasympathetic NS tries to compensate by slowing heart rate & dilating blood vessels above the injury – pounding headaches, sweating warm skin above the injury and ...
... – vasoconstriction which elevates blood pressure – parasympathetic NS tries to compensate by slowing heart rate & dilating blood vessels above the injury – pounding headaches, sweating warm skin above the injury and ...
Full Material(s)-Please Click here
... simplify the terminology by referring to cells that release glutamate as "excitatory neurons," and cells that release GABA as "inhibitory neurons." Since well over 90% of the neurons in the brain release either glutamate or GABA, these labels encompass the great majority of neurons. There are also o ...
... simplify the terminology by referring to cells that release glutamate as "excitatory neurons," and cells that release GABA as "inhibitory neurons." Since well over 90% of the neurons in the brain release either glutamate or GABA, these labels encompass the great majority of neurons. There are also o ...
The Cerebellum
... Fastigeal reticular and fastigial vestibular pathways: Vermis projects to the fastigial nucleus → vestibular nuclei and reticular formation → vestibulospinal tract and reticulospinal tract → motor neurons of anterior horn Intermediate zone projects to the interposed nuclei ...
... Fastigeal reticular and fastigial vestibular pathways: Vermis projects to the fastigial nucleus → vestibular nuclei and reticular formation → vestibulospinal tract and reticulospinal tract → motor neurons of anterior horn Intermediate zone projects to the interposed nuclei ...
Mechanical Response Properties of A and C Primary Afferent
... dural receptive field with a servo force-controlled mechanical stimulator. The slow A population had the highest percentage of mechanosensitive units (97%) as well as the highest slopes and the lowest thresholds. Thus by all three criteria, the slow As had the highest mechanosensitivity. Conversely, ...
... dural receptive field with a servo force-controlled mechanical stimulator. The slow A population had the highest percentage of mechanosensitive units (97%) as well as the highest slopes and the lowest thresholds. Thus by all three criteria, the slow As had the highest mechanosensitivity. Conversely, ...
Neurodevelopment and degeneration
... the synaptic localization of NMDARs during neuronal development and function[5]. Throughout development, synapses undergo dynamic changes including growth-opposing actions like elimination in order to become truly functional. Caspases, initially recognized for their apoptotic roles during neurodegen ...
... the synaptic localization of NMDARs during neuronal development and function[5]. Throughout development, synapses undergo dynamic changes including growth-opposing actions like elimination in order to become truly functional. Caspases, initially recognized for their apoptotic roles during neurodegen ...
ch15 autonomic nervous system
... sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Usually one division causes excitation and one causes inhibition resulting in autonomic tone. B. The sympathetic responses prepare the body for emergency situations (the fight-or-flight responses). 1. Sympathetic responses are stimulated by the four E’s (Em ...
... sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Usually one division causes excitation and one causes inhibition resulting in autonomic tone. B. The sympathetic responses prepare the body for emergency situations (the fight-or-flight responses). 1. Sympathetic responses are stimulated by the four E’s (Em ...
12-4 Membrane Potential
... cytosol more rapidly than sodium ions enter because the plasma membrane is much more permeable to potassium than to sodium. As a result, there are more positive charges outside the plasma membrane. Negatively charged protein molecules within the cytosol cannot cross the plasma membrane, so there are ...
... cytosol more rapidly than sodium ions enter because the plasma membrane is much more permeable to potassium than to sodium. As a result, there are more positive charges outside the plasma membrane. Negatively charged protein molecules within the cytosol cannot cross the plasma membrane, so there are ...
PAIN
... Winduphomosynaptic activity-dependent plasticity characterized by a progressive increase in firing from dorsal horn neurons during a train of repeated low-frequency Cfiber or nociceptor stimulation. During stimulation, glutamate + substance P + CGRP elicit slow synaptic potentials lasting several-h ...
... Winduphomosynaptic activity-dependent plasticity characterized by a progressive increase in firing from dorsal horn neurons during a train of repeated low-frequency Cfiber or nociceptor stimulation. During stimulation, glutamate + substance P + CGRP elicit slow synaptic potentials lasting several-h ...
Sensory Adaptation and Short Term Plasticity as Bayesian
... presynaptic excitability (see Methods for details). The effect of this optimal adaptation rule is to normalize the inputs from each presynaptic neuron. Inputs from presynaptic neurons with high excitability will tend to have low gain, while inputs from neurons with low excitability will tend to have ...
... presynaptic excitability (see Methods for details). The effect of this optimal adaptation rule is to normalize the inputs from each presynaptic neuron. Inputs from presynaptic neurons with high excitability will tend to have low gain, while inputs from neurons with low excitability will tend to have ...
Fine Gating Properties of Channels Responsible for Persistent
... and therefore c(slow) was considered as related to the interburst closing process. The average values of c(fast)2 and c(slow) were such that the duration threshold between intraburst and interburst closing events was set at 10 ms (namely, an interval 6–10 times higher than the slowest c(fast)s ...
... and therefore c(slow) was considered as related to the interburst closing process. The average values of c(fast)2 and c(slow) were such that the duration threshold between intraburst and interburst closing events was set at 10 ms (namely, an interval 6–10 times higher than the slowest c(fast)s ...
The Premotor Cortex and Mirror Neurons
... motor and mirror neurons in both areas discharged differentially during both execution and observation of the grasping act, depending on the final goal of the action in which the act was embedded. Thus, the modulation of grasping neurons reflects the action goal, that is the motor intention of the a ...
... motor and mirror neurons in both areas discharged differentially during both execution and observation of the grasping act, depending on the final goal of the action in which the act was embedded. Thus, the modulation of grasping neurons reflects the action goal, that is the motor intention of the a ...
TENS Lecture
... Pulse width: as high as possible Pulse rate: depends on the type of stimulator Intensity: as high as tolerated Duration: 15 minutes with conventional TENS unit. Locus stimulator is advocated for this treatment type, treatment time is 30 seconds per point. ...
... Pulse width: as high as possible Pulse rate: depends on the type of stimulator Intensity: as high as tolerated Duration: 15 minutes with conventional TENS unit. Locus stimulator is advocated for this treatment type, treatment time is 30 seconds per point. ...
A Simple Biophysically Plausible Model for Long Time
... for stable firing (Fransen et al., 2002; Fransen et al., 2006), linearly growing firing (Durstewitz, 2003), and firing during an interval of learned duration (Shouval and Gavornik, 2011). Here, we propose a simple model for exponentially decaying after-discharge firing that depends on CAN current. ...
... for stable firing (Fransen et al., 2002; Fransen et al., 2006), linearly growing firing (Durstewitz, 2003), and firing during an interval of learned duration (Shouval and Gavornik, 2011). Here, we propose a simple model for exponentially decaying after-discharge firing that depends on CAN current. ...
Peer-reviewed Article PDF
... forgo invasive procedures surgical procedures or pain injections. The saddle-like paraesthesia and ReGS caused by the pudendal nerve entrapment within the right Alcock’s Canal was primarily treated with soft tissue therapy. The myofascial release and IASTM broke up the adhesions within the obturator ...
... forgo invasive procedures surgical procedures or pain injections. The saddle-like paraesthesia and ReGS caused by the pudendal nerve entrapment within the right Alcock’s Canal was primarily treated with soft tissue therapy. The myofascial release and IASTM broke up the adhesions within the obturator ...
Intracellular study of rat substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons in
... Fig. 1. Input resistance and spike discharges of type-t neurons A membrane responses to mtraceilularly rejected hyper- and depolarrang currents of various intensities. In order to eliminate spontaneous finng, a hyperpolanzmg current of 0.06 nA was continuously injected m the neuron. B membrane respo ...
... Fig. 1. Input resistance and spike discharges of type-t neurons A membrane responses to mtraceilularly rejected hyper- and depolarrang currents of various intensities. In order to eliminate spontaneous finng, a hyperpolanzmg current of 0.06 nA was continuously injected m the neuron. B membrane respo ...
Final Exam Answers
... mechanisms generating receptor potentials in different types of receptor cells include A. the closing of Na+ channels gated by an intracellular messenger. B. the opening of mechano-sensitive ion channels permeable to Na+ and K+. C. the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters onto hair cells, generat ...
... mechanisms generating receptor potentials in different types of receptor cells include A. the closing of Na+ channels gated by an intracellular messenger. B. the opening of mechano-sensitive ion channels permeable to Na+ and K+. C. the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters onto hair cells, generat ...
Review Questions
... 2. Which of the following statements does not describe correctly the ventricular cavity? A. The lateral ventricles are shaped like a butterfly in the forebrain. B. The third ventricle forms a vertical slit between the two thalami. C. The cerebral aqueduct is the narrow opening in the midbrain. D. Th ...
... 2. Which of the following statements does not describe correctly the ventricular cavity? A. The lateral ventricles are shaped like a butterfly in the forebrain. B. The third ventricle forms a vertical slit between the two thalami. C. The cerebral aqueduct is the narrow opening in the midbrain. D. Th ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.