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PPT 03 - McCorduck
PPT 03 - McCorduck

... Note also that the so-called “by-phrase” which indicates the active agent is in parentheses. As we have seen before (e.g., slide 8 of the “Verbs and Verb Phrases” lecture), this convention indicates that the prepositional phrase headed by by is actually not required to be in (most) passive sentences ...
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Ancient Greek verbs

Ancient Greek verbs have four moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive and optative), three voices (active, middle and passive), as well as three persons (first, second and third) and three numbers (singular, dual and plural). Verbs are conjugated in four main combinations of tense and aspect (present, future, perfect, and aorist), with a full complement of moods for each of these main ""tenses"", except for the following restrictions:There is no future subjunctive or imperative.There are separate passive-voice forms (distinct from the middle) only in the future and aorist.In addition, for each of the four ""tenses"", there exist, in each voice, an infinitive and participles. There is also an imperfect indicative that can be constructed from the present using a prefix (the ""augment"") and the secondary endings. A pluperfect and a future perfect indicative also exist, built on the perfect stem, but these are relatively rare, especially the future perfect. The distinction of the ""tenses"" in moods other than the indicative is predominantly one of aspect rather than time. The Ancient Greek verbal system preserves nearly all the complexities of Proto-Indo-European (PIE).A distinction is traditionally made between the so-called athematic verbs, with endings affixed directly to the root (also called mi-verbs) and the thematic class of verbs which present a ""thematic"" vowel /o/ or /e/ before the ending. All athematic roots end in a vowel except for /es-/ ""be"" and /hes-/ ""sit"". The endings are classified into primary (those used in the present, future, perfect and rare future perfect of the indicative, as well as in the subjunctive) and secondary (used in the aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect of the indicative, as well as in the optative). Ancient Greek also preserves the PIE middle voice and adds a passive voice, with separate forms only in the future and aorist (elsewhere, the middle forms are used).
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