Answers to WHAT DID YOU LEARN questions
... pathways are: the spinal nerve pathway, the postganglionic sympathetic pathway, the splanchnic nerve pathway, and the adrenal medulla pathway. In the spinal nerve pathway, the preganglionic axon synapses in the sympathetic trunk, and the postganglionic axon leaves the trunk via a gray ramus communic ...
... pathways are: the spinal nerve pathway, the postganglionic sympathetic pathway, the splanchnic nerve pathway, and the adrenal medulla pathway. In the spinal nerve pathway, the preganglionic axon synapses in the sympathetic trunk, and the postganglionic axon leaves the trunk via a gray ramus communic ...
Stem cells and aging: expanding the possibilities
... manipulating stem cells, namely, ‘transdifferentiation’ and ‘transformation’. Transdifferentiation is a term used for stem cells that do not go through their normal process of progressively restricted differentiation, but rather transit to another kind of stem cell or transdifferentiate to acquire a ...
... manipulating stem cells, namely, ‘transdifferentiation’ and ‘transformation’. Transdifferentiation is a term used for stem cells that do not go through their normal process of progressively restricted differentiation, but rather transit to another kind of stem cell or transdifferentiate to acquire a ...
Hippocampus, 22, 1703-1719
... Learning-dependent AHP plasticity has been repeatedly reported in multiple species following acquisition of several different multitrial tasks. In the earliest example, decreases in peak AHP amplitude of rabbit CA1 pyramidal neurons from trained animals after delay eyeblink conditioning (EBC) were r ...
... Learning-dependent AHP plasticity has been repeatedly reported in multiple species following acquisition of several different multitrial tasks. In the earliest example, decreases in peak AHP amplitude of rabbit CA1 pyramidal neurons from trained animals after delay eyeblink conditioning (EBC) were r ...
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors evoke distinct responses in
... raphé nuclei. Midline raphé neurons are proposed to be elements of a distributed brainstem system of central chemoreceptors, as well as modulators of central chemoreceptors at other sites, including the retrotrapezoid nucleus. Stimulation of the raphé system or peripheral chemoreceptors can induc ...
... raphé nuclei. Midline raphé neurons are proposed to be elements of a distributed brainstem system of central chemoreceptors, as well as modulators of central chemoreceptors at other sites, including the retrotrapezoid nucleus. Stimulation of the raphé system or peripheral chemoreceptors can induc ...
Multi-item Memory in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex
... To address the questions we have outlined above, we designed an experiment to study the mechanism that the brain employs to represent multiple items. Monkeys were trained to remember two items presented sequentially at the fovea, and to release a lever when a matching sequence was seen. In this firs ...
... To address the questions we have outlined above, we designed an experiment to study the mechanism that the brain employs to represent multiple items. Monkeys were trained to remember two items presented sequentially at the fovea, and to release a lever when a matching sequence was seen. In this firs ...
EVOLUTIONARY AUTONOMOUS AGENTS: A NEUROSCIENCE
... act. As shown in various EAA studies, this embodiment is of paramount importance in providing constraints that reduce the degeneracies involved in the neural-tobehavioural mappings26. Moreover, EAA agents can use the evolved motor behaviours to augment their sensory processing; for example, by movin ...
... act. As shown in various EAA studies, this embodiment is of paramount importance in providing constraints that reduce the degeneracies involved in the neural-tobehavioural mappings26. Moreover, EAA agents can use the evolved motor behaviours to augment their sensory processing; for example, by movin ...
Neuronal mechanisms of executive control by the prefrontal cortex
... the experimenter. For example, if the experimenter presents a pointed finger, the subject is required to make a fist, or if the experimenter taps once, the subject needs to tap twice, and vice versa. The subject’s natural tendency is to imitate the experimenter. However, to perform this game correct ...
... the experimenter. For example, if the experimenter presents a pointed finger, the subject is required to make a fist, or if the experimenter taps once, the subject needs to tap twice, and vice versa. The subject’s natural tendency is to imitate the experimenter. However, to perform this game correct ...
action potential
... combining excitatory and inhibitory signals http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s1/introduction.html ...
... combining excitatory and inhibitory signals http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s1/introduction.html ...
Facial whisker pattern is not sufficient to instruct a
... sensory trigeminal nucleus (dPrV). Input from mystacial whiskers is relayed by the maxillary branch and forms a topographic representation of rows and whiskers in the ventral PrV (vPrV). To investigate peripheral organisation in imposing a brain topographic pattern, we analysed Edn1−/− mice, which p ...
... sensory trigeminal nucleus (dPrV). Input from mystacial whiskers is relayed by the maxillary branch and forms a topographic representation of rows and whiskers in the ventral PrV (vPrV). To investigate peripheral organisation in imposing a brain topographic pattern, we analysed Edn1−/− mice, which p ...
Fig. - Development - The Company of Biologists
... sensory trigeminal nucleus (dPrV). Input from mystacial whiskers is relayed by the maxillary branch and forms a topographic representation of rows and whiskers in the ventral PrV (vPrV). To investigate peripheral organisation in imposing a brain topographic pattern, we analysed Edn1−/− mice, which p ...
... sensory trigeminal nucleus (dPrV). Input from mystacial whiskers is relayed by the maxillary branch and forms a topographic representation of rows and whiskers in the ventral PrV (vPrV). To investigate peripheral organisation in imposing a brain topographic pattern, we analysed Edn1−/− mice, which p ...
neuroanatomy - NC State Veterinary Medicine
... Within the visual cortex is the so-called striate cortex. It has the stripe (or line) of Gennaricytoarchitectural layer of myelinated fibers that can be seen on unstained and stained sections. Adjacent to the striate cortex is the parastriate cortex and then next is the peristriate cortex. The point ...
... Within the visual cortex is the so-called striate cortex. It has the stripe (or line) of Gennaricytoarchitectural layer of myelinated fibers that can be seen on unstained and stained sections. Adjacent to the striate cortex is the parastriate cortex and then next is the peristriate cortex. The point ...
Abbreviations: LTP= long
... a. Don’t worry about the wave forms just worry about the size of the synaptic response and whether they are bigger or smaller b. This is the first study that was done in vivo in rabbits. c. Used 2 stimulating electrodes that stimulated two separate inputs into the dentate gyrus d. One of the pathway ...
... a. Don’t worry about the wave forms just worry about the size of the synaptic response and whether they are bigger or smaller b. This is the first study that was done in vivo in rabbits. c. Used 2 stimulating electrodes that stimulated two separate inputs into the dentate gyrus d. One of the pathway ...
Coordinated Interaction between Hippocampal Sharp
... cingulate cortex (ACC) has been shown to be crucial for expression and likely storage of long-term memory. However, little is known about how ACC activity is influenced by hippocampal ripple activity during sleep. We report here about coordinated interactions between hippocampal ripple activity and ...
... cingulate cortex (ACC) has been shown to be crucial for expression and likely storage of long-term memory. However, little is known about how ACC activity is influenced by hippocampal ripple activity during sleep. We report here about coordinated interactions between hippocampal ripple activity and ...
Full version (PDF file)
... Department of Otorhinolaryngology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China, 2Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China, 3Department of Pathology, West China College of Public Heal ...
... Department of Otorhinolaryngology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China, 2Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China, 3Department of Pathology, West China College of Public Heal ...
Conditioned and unconditioned regulation of human activity
... For development of a conditioned reflex it is necessary, that any factor of an environment, which may be perceived by one of analyzer systems of an organism, occur repeatedly and acted on an organism of the person or an animal. If at each occurrence this irritant outstrips a little or takes place ...
... For development of a conditioned reflex it is necessary, that any factor of an environment, which may be perceived by one of analyzer systems of an organism, occur repeatedly and acted on an organism of the person or an animal. If at each occurrence this irritant outstrips a little or takes place ...
Timing in reward and decision processes
... intervals cannot be directly perceived via specific receptors but must be constructed by the brain. Humans and animals estimate time intervals with great accuracy [1,2], and this accuracy decays proportionally with delay [3–5]. The ability to estimate short time intervals plays an important role in ...
... intervals cannot be directly perceived via specific receptors but must be constructed by the brain. Humans and animals estimate time intervals with great accuracy [1,2], and this accuracy decays proportionally with delay [3–5]. The ability to estimate short time intervals plays an important role in ...
melanogaster
... the ocelli. The ocelli are a set of three simple eyes positioned on the top (dorsal most part) of the head, and are believed to aid in gaze stabilization (Goodman, 1970; Schuppe and Hengstenberg, 1993). Ocellar interneurons, called L-neurons, sum information from photoreceptor outputs in each of the ...
... the ocelli. The ocelli are a set of three simple eyes positioned on the top (dorsal most part) of the head, and are believed to aid in gaze stabilization (Goodman, 1970; Schuppe and Hengstenberg, 1993). Ocellar interneurons, called L-neurons, sum information from photoreceptor outputs in each of the ...
The Spinal Cord
... Like the brain, the spinal cord is covered by meninges and bathed in CSF within bony vertebral canal. The spinal cord is divided into segments that correspond to the segments of the bony vertebral column (cervical, thoracic,lumber….).The spinal nerve fibers of the spinal nerves enter and exit the co ...
... Like the brain, the spinal cord is covered by meninges and bathed in CSF within bony vertebral canal. The spinal cord is divided into segments that correspond to the segments of the bony vertebral column (cervical, thoracic,lumber….).The spinal nerve fibers of the spinal nerves enter and exit the co ...
Formation of Complement Membrane Attack Complex in Mammalian
... the deposition of immune complexes in normal tissue. This complex system can be activated by diverse mechanisms proceeding through distinct pathways, yet all converge on a final common pathway in which five proteins assemble into a multimolecular complex, the membrane attack complex (MAC). The MAC i ...
... the deposition of immune complexes in normal tissue. This complex system can be activated by diverse mechanisms proceeding through distinct pathways, yet all converge on a final common pathway in which five proteins assemble into a multimolecular complex, the membrane attack complex (MAC). The MAC i ...
The human brain in numbers: a linearly scaled-up
... different cellular scaling rules apply to the brains within these orders, brain size can no longer be considered a proxy for the number of neurons in the brain. These studies also showed that the human brain is not exceptional in its cellular composition, as it was found to contain as many neuronal ...
... different cellular scaling rules apply to the brains within these orders, brain size can no longer be considered a proxy for the number of neurons in the brain. These studies also showed that the human brain is not exceptional in its cellular composition, as it was found to contain as many neuronal ...
12 - PHSchool.com
... MRI scans reveal blood flow (Figure 12.7). They have shown that specific motor and sensory functions are localized in discrete cortical areas called domains. However, many higher mental functions, such as memory and language, appear to have overlapping domains and are spread over large areas of the ...
... MRI scans reveal blood flow (Figure 12.7). They have shown that specific motor and sensory functions are localized in discrete cortical areas called domains. However, many higher mental functions, such as memory and language, appear to have overlapping domains and are spread over large areas of the ...
Amygdala oscillations and the consolidation of
... low-amplitude, high-frequency activity (so-called ‘activated EEG’). By contrast, slow waves of high amplitude dominate the neocortical EEG during slow-wave sleep (SWS) (called ‘synchronized EEG’). Although spectral analyses of the neocortical EEG reveal a continuum of frequencies during SWS, it incl ...
... low-amplitude, high-frequency activity (so-called ‘activated EEG’). By contrast, slow waves of high amplitude dominate the neocortical EEG during slow-wave sleep (SWS) (called ‘synchronized EEG’). Although spectral analyses of the neocortical EEG reveal a continuum of frequencies during SWS, it incl ...
Single unit and extracellular firing rate recordings in vivo
... excitatory action on hippocampal interneurons {Deng, Porter, et al. 2006 2 /id};{Atzori & Nistri 1996 332 /id} cellular mechanisms underlying the promotion of arousal are not fully elucidated. Broberger and McCormick {Broberger & McCormick 2005 4 /id} demonstrated a depolarization of perigeniculate ...
... excitatory action on hippocampal interneurons {Deng, Porter, et al. 2006 2 /id};{Atzori & Nistri 1996 332 /id} cellular mechanisms underlying the promotion of arousal are not fully elucidated. Broberger and McCormick {Broberger & McCormick 2005 4 /id} demonstrated a depolarization of perigeniculate ...
Phase synchronization of bursting neurons in clustered small
... Neuronal networks typically display the SW property [15,18]. We construct a clustered network with two hierarchical levels, a network composed by subnetworks. Each subnetwork is a SW network obtained from a regular onedimensional lattice of neurons with periodic boundary conditions. Each neuron is c ...
... Neuronal networks typically display the SW property [15,18]. We construct a clustered network with two hierarchical levels, a network composed by subnetworks. Each subnetwork is a SW network obtained from a regular onedimensional lattice of neurons with periodic boundary conditions. Each neuron is c ...
Effects of galanin on wide-dynamic range neuron activity
... ligation, the number of galanin-immunoreactive neurons were found to be significantly increased in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia suggesting that galanin might serve as an endogenous analgesic in ‘neuropathic pain’ [16]. In support of the role of galanin in neuropathic pain are the findings tha ...
... ligation, the number of galanin-immunoreactive neurons were found to be significantly increased in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia suggesting that galanin might serve as an endogenous analgesic in ‘neuropathic pain’ [16]. In support of the role of galanin in neuropathic pain are the findings tha ...