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Electrophysiological markers of Rapid Eye Movements in
Electrophysiological markers of Rapid Eye Movements in

... of the visual scene and constantly guide our visual perception and behavior. Since the discovery of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, it became clear that REMs are also prevalent during certain periods of sleep, but the neuronal activity underlying such events and their relation to visual dream experi ...
PDF - Fishell Lab
PDF - Fishell Lab

... The telencephalon and diencephalon, which comprise the vertebrate forebrain, arise from the anterior-most region of the neuraxis (reviewed in Fishell, 1997; Rubenstein et al., 1998). The telencephalon is subdivided into the pallial and subpallial domains. The pallium gives rise to dorsal structures, ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation

... The noradrenergic (NA-ergic) rapid eye movement (REM)-OFF neurons in locus coeruleus (LC) and cholinergic REM-ON neurons in laterodorsal/pedunculopontine tegmentum show a reciprocal firing pattern. The REM-ON neurons fire during REM sleep whereas REM-OFF neurons stop firing during REM sleep. The ces ...
Distinct Neuropathologic Phenotypes After Disrupting the
Distinct Neuropathologic Phenotypes After Disrupting the

... revealed a series of common themes with respect to the brain regions and cell types that are affected, although the precise timing and nature of these events differs among NCL forms (22Y25). Regional cortical atrophy, localized early gliosis, and loss of both interneurons and thalamic relay neurons ...
Neural Coding of Distinct Statistical Properties of
Neural Coding of Distinct Statistical Properties of

... into complex behavioral characteristics including learning and motivation. Reward information can be extracted from a large variety of stimuli and concerns the presence, qualities and magnitudes of rewards, their predictability and the motivational value associated with them. Of the many stimuli occ ...
Anatomy of the Temporal Lobe
Anatomy of the Temporal Lobe

... represents the free edge of the pallium, and the associated white matter, the alveus, fimbria, and fornix. The cortex adjacent to the hippocampus is known as the entorhinal area; it is present along the whole length of the parahippocampal gyrus [21]. The subiculum is a transitional zone between the ...
Thalamocortical neuron loss and localized astrocytosis in the Cln3
Thalamocortical neuron loss and localized astrocytosis in the Cln3

... To further characterize the CNS of homozygous Cln3 Dex7/8 mice, we examined neurodegenerative and reactive phenotypes that are present in other mouse models of NCL, including Cln3 / mice (Mitchison et al., 1999; Pontikis et al., 2004). These models display a range of effects upon cortical thinning a ...
VIP in Neurological Diseases: More Than A Neuropeptide
VIP in Neurological Diseases: More Than A Neuropeptide

... the CNS, alterations on VIP levels in nervous tissues of adults seem to be crucial in the onset and progression of different neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s and Alzheimer´s disease (PD and AD, respectively). Conversely, neurological disorders also induce impor ...
Neurobiology of ADHD Gail Tripp , Review
Neurobiology of ADHD Gail Tripp , Review

... impairment in a variety of executive function measures amongst groups of children with ADHD. However, the proposal that symptoms arise from a primary deficit in executive function is not well supported by the literature. A recent meta-analysis suggests that ADHD is associated with significant weakness ...
Everitt et al. (2000) in The Amygdala - Rudolf Cardinal
Everitt et al. (2000) in The Amygdala - Rudolf Cardinal

... that impact on reflexive and voluntary behavioural responses. These are: (i) pavlovian approach behaviour, which provides a means of measuring the tendency of animals to approach stimuli that have acquired motivational salience through their predictive (pavlovian) association with a primary reward ( ...
Estradiol, Substance P, and the PI3K-Akt
Estradiol, Substance P, and the PI3K-Akt

... Glutamate is the primary signaling molecule in this system, but there are many others involved. Substance P is a tachykinin neuropeptide that acts as both an inflammatory mediator in the periphery and a signaling molecule at the dorsal horn. It contributes to the development of hyperalgesia and cent ...
The psychophisiology of pain: a literature review - Reciis
The psychophisiology of pain: a literature review - Reciis

... consequently limiting possible damage (MILLAN, 1999; WOOLF, 2000; ALMEIDA et al., 2004). It has already been well established that pain is a complex experience not only involving the transduction of a noxious stimulus but also the cognitive and emotional process occurring in the brain (CHAPMAN et al ...
Fear conditioning, synaptic plasticity and the amygdala
Fear conditioning, synaptic plasticity and the amygdala

... the magnitude of PTSD symptoms, including an individual’s genetic makeup, predisposition, social support network and early life experiences [9–12] (Box 1). In other words, these factors might determine an individual’s resilience to trauma. Studying what accounts for this resilience in certain indivi ...
The natural hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT, component of Ayahuasca
The natural hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT, component of Ayahuasca

... the paCO2 values using two-way ANOVA did not reveal any significant effect of treatment ([F1,7 = 3.07, n.s.] nor treatment × time interaction [F4,28 = 0.34, n.s,], n = 4 and 5 for saline and 5-MeO-DMT treatment. Similarly, two-way ANOVA revealed a non-significant effect of 5-MeO-DMT [F1,7 = 0.1925; n. ...
Martin, Neuroscientist 2005
Martin, Neuroscientist 2005

... Understanding development of corticospinal terminations in humans is more complicated and controversial, partly because techniques to probe the system are indirect. TMS of the sensory-motor cortex is commonly used to infer anatomical connections in human studies by evoking motor responses (Amassian ...
Auditory Pathways and Processes
Auditory Pathways and Processes

... nuclei of the cochlear nucleus receive this information and relay it to different parts of the next steps in the pathway (see Figure 1 and Table 1). All parts of the central pathway from this level through the cortical processing areas are arranged tonotopically, i.e., each pitch frequency is proces ...
Test #2
Test #2

... that the attending General Practitioner has diagnosed the individual as having a lesion in the corpus callosum. In order to confirm or reject this diagnosis you walk into the examining room and give the patient a verbal command to pick up a pencil that is on the desk with his left hand. The patient ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab

... intervals (ISIs). (A) data from recordings of one cortical cell (Brodmann’s area 46) that fired without task-relevant characteristics with an average firing rate of about 15 spikes/s. The coefficient of variation of the spike trains is Cv ≈ 1.09. (B) Simulated data from a Poisson distributed spike t ...
Cholinergic Cells and Pathways
Cholinergic Cells and Pathways

... with projection and augmenting activity as they pointed out that ACh-sensitive cortical cells respond to thalamic or peripheral sensory stimulation with repetitive after-discharges and changes in the EEG. These notions were supported by the finding of Frank (Hank) MacIntosh and Paul Oborin (1953) of ...
indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to major
indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to major

... The density of anterograde labeling in the wake-related cell groups was assessed using either two or three sections for each cell group at the following anterior (A) to posterior (P) levels (mm to bregma) according to the brain atlas by Paxinos and Watson (1998): MS-VDB (A 0.7 and A 0.2); HDB (A 0.1 ...
Memory Maintenance in Synapses with Calcium
Memory Maintenance in Synapses with Calcium

... In this case, r evolves towards one of two possible stable fixed points (the minima of U), one at r~0 - the DOWN state -, the other at r~1 - the UP state -, depending on the initial condition. This corresponds to a bistable synapse. 2. For intermediate calcium concentrations (c(t)whd ), the synapse ...
The Classical Complement Cascade Mediates
The Classical Complement Cascade Mediates

... the developing brain, we performed double immunostaining with antibodies to C1q and synaptic markers. Using confocal microscopy, we observed many C1q-positive puncta that colocalized with the postsynaptic protein PSD95 in the developing dLGN (Figure 3A). In order to better visualize C1q’s synaptic l ...
Extracellular voltage threshold settings can be tuned for optimal
Extracellular voltage threshold settings can be tuned for optimal

... paralysis or other sensory–motor deficits. The recorded signals have taken the form of EEG, MEG, and intracortical signals (Schwartz et al 2006). A promising class of BCIs extracts information directly from action potentials, or ʻspikesʼ, identified from the voltage traces recorded from chronically im ...
Read as PDF
Read as PDF

... innervates the periphery, whereas the lateral process is the primary point of contact with the B8 neurons (Rosen et al. 2000b). If peripherally generated spikes are to propagate from the medial process to the lateral process, impulses must be conducted through the relatively inexcitable somatic regi ...
Spatially and Functionally Distinct Roles of the PI3
Spatially and Functionally Distinct Roles of the PI3

... NGF Activation of the PI3-K Pathway in Compartmentalized Sympathetic Neurons We used dissociated sympathetic neurons obtained from newborn rat superior cervical ganglia and grown in compartmentalized cultures (Campenot, 1977; Riccio et al., 1997) to assess the subcellular distribution and state of a ...
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Feature detection (nervous system)

Feature detection is a process by which the nervous system sorts or filters complex natural stimuli in order to extract behaviorally relevant cues that have a high probability of being associated with important objects or organisms in their environment, as opposed to irrelevant background or noise. Feature detectors are individual neurons – or groups of neurons – in the brain which code for perceptually significant stimuli. Early in the sensory pathway feature detectors tend to have simple properties; later they become more and more complex as the features to which they respond become more and more specific. For example, simple cells in the visual cortex of the domestic cat (Felis catus), respond to edges – a feature which is more likely to occur in objects and organisms in the environment. By contrast, the background of a natural visual environment tends to be noisy – emphasizing high spatial frequencies but lacking in extended edges. Responding selectively to an extended edge – either a bright line on a dark background, or the reverse – highlights objects that are near or very large. Edge detectors are useful to a cat, because edges do not occur often in the background “noise” of the visual environment, which is of little consequence to the animal.
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