aud
... The negative sign here simply means that the signal will be 30 dB weaker on the fluid side of the boundary. Consequently, if the airborne sound wave were to directly drive a simple membrane covering the oval window, a 30 dB loss in signal intensity would occur at the air-fluid boundary. This is not ...
... The negative sign here simply means that the signal will be 30 dB weaker on the fluid side of the boundary. Consequently, if the airborne sound wave were to directly drive a simple membrane covering the oval window, a 30 dB loss in signal intensity would occur at the air-fluid boundary. This is not ...
Olfactory System Anatomy
... odors, which can be performed at the bedside with odiferous substances such as coffee, lemon, and peppermint. Tests, including those developed at the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC), have aided examiners in the identification of abnormalities in odor detection and discrimin ...
... odors, which can be performed at the bedside with odiferous substances such as coffee, lemon, and peppermint. Tests, including those developed at the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC), have aided examiners in the identification of abnormalities in odor detection and discrimin ...
1 Neural Affective Decision Theory: Choices, Brains, and Emotions
... that regard emotions as reactions to somatic changes (James, 1894; Damasio, 1994). It also fits with some cognitive theories of emotions, which regard them as judgments about the extent to which ones goals are being satisfied (Oatley, 1992). From a neurological perspective, it is easy to see how emo ...
... that regard emotions as reactions to somatic changes (James, 1894; Damasio, 1994). It also fits with some cognitive theories of emotions, which regard them as judgments about the extent to which ones goals are being satisfied (Oatley, 1992). From a neurological perspective, it is easy to see how emo ...
The primate basal ganglia: parallel and integrative networks
... from M1 terminate almost entirely in the dorsolateral putamen, caudal to the anterior commissure. There are few terminals rostral to the anterior commissure. The caudal premotor area projects to a striatal region that is just adjacent to M1 projections, extending only slightly into the caudate n. Th ...
... from M1 terminate almost entirely in the dorsolateral putamen, caudal to the anterior commissure. There are few terminals rostral to the anterior commissure. The caudal premotor area projects to a striatal region that is just adjacent to M1 projections, extending only slightly into the caudate n. Th ...
Why do octaves sound the same?
... fair to conclude that, based on perceptual studies of animals, conscious and unconscious human faculties, absolute and relative pitch, and sequential and simultaneous presentation of pitches, there really is something special about the octave. It is of course important to stress that octaves are not ...
... fair to conclude that, based on perceptual studies of animals, conscious and unconscious human faculties, absolute and relative pitch, and sequential and simultaneous presentation of pitches, there really is something special about the octave. It is of course important to stress that octaves are not ...
Frontal Eye Field Neurons Reflect Covert, Serial Shifts of Attention
... To estimate the speed at which the animals could shift their attention during visual search we performed a psychophysical experiment in which we varied the number of objects in the visual array from 2 to 4. The behavioral RT to find the target during search increased by 22 ms for every item added to ...
... To estimate the speed at which the animals could shift their attention during visual search we performed a psychophysical experiment in which we varied the number of objects in the visual array from 2 to 4. The behavioral RT to find the target during search increased by 22 ms for every item added to ...
Target-cell-specific concentration of a metabotropic glutamate
... terminals making synapses with pyramidal cells and other types of interneuron. Distinct levels of mGluR7 are fo und at different synapses made by individual pyramidal axons or even single boutons. These results raise the possibility that presynaptic neurons could regulate the probability of transmit ...
... terminals making synapses with pyramidal cells and other types of interneuron. Distinct levels of mGluR7 are fo und at different synapses made by individual pyramidal axons or even single boutons. These results raise the possibility that presynaptic neurons could regulate the probability of transmit ...
Deep Neural Networks for Anatomical Brain Segmentation
... learnt by 2D and 3D convolutional [13] and pooling layers [20], denoted 2DconvPool and 3DconvPool, respectively. At a higher layer of this architecture, the individual representations are merged into a common representation across all the inputs. Further layers learn even higher level representation ...
... learnt by 2D and 3D convolutional [13] and pooling layers [20], denoted 2DconvPool and 3DconvPool, respectively. At a higher layer of this architecture, the individual representations are merged into a common representation across all the inputs. Further layers learn even higher level representation ...
Reinforcement learning, conditioning, and the brain
... response (S–R) associations. Given a situation or stimulus S, the animal tries a response R. If the outcome is positive, the connection between S and R is strengthened; if the outcome is negative, the connection is weakened. In this way, the advantageous response or responses for each situation beco ...
... response (S–R) associations. Given a situation or stimulus S, the animal tries a response R. If the outcome is positive, the connection between S and R is strengthened; if the outcome is negative, the connection is weakened. In this way, the advantageous response or responses for each situation beco ...
Cholinergic Elements in the Zebrafish Central Nervous System
... nervous system (CNS). However, the zebrafish CNS has been poorly analyzed in the adult. The cholinergic/cholinoceptive system of the zebrafish CNS was analyzed by using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry in the brain, retina, and spinal ...
... nervous system (CNS). However, the zebrafish CNS has been poorly analyzed in the adult. The cholinergic/cholinoceptive system of the zebrafish CNS was analyzed by using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry in the brain, retina, and spinal ...
Input-driven components of spike-frequency adaptation can be
... Materials and Methods Electrophysiology. We performed intracellular recordings from axons of receptor neurons in the auditory nerve of adult Locusta migratoria. The tympanic hearing organ of these animals is located in the first abdominal segment above the coxa of the hindlegs. The somata of the rec ...
... Materials and Methods Electrophysiology. We performed intracellular recordings from axons of receptor neurons in the auditory nerve of adult Locusta migratoria. The tympanic hearing organ of these animals is located in the first abdominal segment above the coxa of the hindlegs. The somata of the rec ...
Chapter 15 - Houston Community College Learning Web
... efferent divisions of the nervous system, and explain what is meant by the somatic nervous system. • 15-2 Explain why receptors respond to specific stimuli, and how the organization of a receptor affects its sensitivity. • 15-3 Identify the receptors for the general senses, and describe how they fun ...
... efferent divisions of the nervous system, and explain what is meant by the somatic nervous system. • 15-2 Explain why receptors respond to specific stimuli, and how the organization of a receptor affects its sensitivity. • 15-3 Identify the receptors for the general senses, and describe how they fun ...
Spatiotemporal Properties of Eye Position Signals
... For each neuron, data were aligned on either the initiation of saccades or the onset and offset of visual stimuli. Saccades were detected using automated algorithms. After applying a 29-point finite impulse response filter to eye position data, horizontal and vertical eye velocities were obtained by d ...
... For each neuron, data were aligned on either the initiation of saccades or the onset and offset of visual stimuli. Saccades were detected using automated algorithms. After applying a 29-point finite impulse response filter to eye position data, horizontal and vertical eye velocities were obtained by d ...
themes - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
... provide parallel inhibitory and excitatory stimuli. For a long time in the past, it was thought that the vagus nerve provides only excitatory influences to the gut. One of the major advances in our understanding of how the vagus nerve controls gastrointestinal motility is the realization that vagal ...
... provide parallel inhibitory and excitatory stimuli. For a long time in the past, it was thought that the vagus nerve provides only excitatory influences to the gut. One of the major advances in our understanding of how the vagus nerve controls gastrointestinal motility is the realization that vagal ...
Towards the integration of neural mechanisms and cognition in
... neural mechanisms both for controlling the body and for the emergence of cognition. Even tough the biologically inspired robotics is a very active research field, several solutions have been proposed, from evolutionary approaches to developmental robotics. However, a solution that encodes on the sam ...
... neural mechanisms both for controlling the body and for the emergence of cognition. Even tough the biologically inspired robotics is a very active research field, several solutions have been proposed, from evolutionary approaches to developmental robotics. However, a solution that encodes on the sam ...
SAD Kinases Sculpt Axonal Arbors of Sensory Neurons through
... Thus, in brainstem as in spinal cord, IaPSNs axons grow to the vicinity of their target, but fail to form terminal branches. Second, we used DiI to label central projections of trigeminal sensory neurons that innervate whiskers. These axons grow to the brainstem where they arborize in nuclei of the ...
... Thus, in brainstem as in spinal cord, IaPSNs axons grow to the vicinity of their target, but fail to form terminal branches. Second, we used DiI to label central projections of trigeminal sensory neurons that innervate whiskers. These axons grow to the brainstem where they arborize in nuclei of the ...
PDF
... are near, approaching, or touching the head (3–5). Many neurons are also sensitive to vestibular signals during head rotation (6). There are currently three main hypotheses about the function of VIP. (i) VIP contributes to cross-modal attention, in which a sensory stimulus in one modality draws atte ...
... are near, approaching, or touching the head (3–5). Many neurons are also sensitive to vestibular signals during head rotation (6). There are currently three main hypotheses about the function of VIP. (i) VIP contributes to cross-modal attention, in which a sensory stimulus in one modality draws atte ...
Orcokinin peptides in developing and adult crustacean
... the central pattern-generating networks that control rhythmic movements of the foregut (Harris-Warrick et al., 1992). One of the most remarkable features of this nervous system is the richness and diversity of its neuromodulatory control systems. Specifically, although the stomatogastric ganglion (S ...
... the central pattern-generating networks that control rhythmic movements of the foregut (Harris-Warrick et al., 1992). One of the most remarkable features of this nervous system is the richness and diversity of its neuromodulatory control systems. Specifically, although the stomatogastric ganglion (S ...
Paraneoplastic Antigen-Like 5 Gene (PNMA5) Is
... this PNMA family of genes in the brain are unknown. To understand the role of PNMA5 and its gene family, we performed detailed expression analyses of these genes by in situ hybridization (ISH) in macaques, marmosets, and mice. We also performed northern blot hybridization and reverse transcription p ...
... this PNMA family of genes in the brain are unknown. To understand the role of PNMA5 and its gene family, we performed detailed expression analyses of these genes by in situ hybridization (ISH) in macaques, marmosets, and mice. We also performed northern blot hybridization and reverse transcription p ...
Propagation of cortical synfire activity: survival probability in single
... 3.5. Synaptic background activity It has long ago been suggested that the large ¯uctuations of the membrane potential, exhibited by neurons under in vivo conditions, can be accounted for by the varying number of synaptic events impinging on a neuron at any time (Calvin & Stevens, 1968). Presumably, ...
... 3.5. Synaptic background activity It has long ago been suggested that the large ¯uctuations of the membrane potential, exhibited by neurons under in vivo conditions, can be accounted for by the varying number of synaptic events impinging on a neuron at any time (Calvin & Stevens, 1968). Presumably, ...
Time course of the development of motor behaviors in the zebrafish
... easier to characterize upon freeing the embryos from the chorion by using fine forceps. Figure 1 shows successive images (taken every 250 ms) of a 19-hpf embryo embedded in agarose with the tail free to move. As can be seen, one complete cycle of two alternating contractions lasted 2 s, correspondin ...
... easier to characterize upon freeing the embryos from the chorion by using fine forceps. Figure 1 shows successive images (taken every 250 ms) of a 19-hpf embryo embedded in agarose with the tail free to move. As can be seen, one complete cycle of two alternating contractions lasted 2 s, correspondin ...
Time Course and Time–Distance Relationships for Surround
... average 30 msec earlier than weak suppression, and suppression sometimes arrived faster than the excitatory CRF response. We compared the relative latency of CRF response onset and offset with the relative latency of suppression onset and offset. Response onset was delayed relative to response offse ...
... average 30 msec earlier than weak suppression, and suppression sometimes arrived faster than the excitatory CRF response. We compared the relative latency of CRF response onset and offset with the relative latency of suppression onset and offset. Response onset was delayed relative to response offse ...
Sherman_PPT_Chapter2
... Neurons: Basic Cells of the Nervous System • Because a neural signal is sent from one neuron to the next through the terminal buttons of the axons, the most common arrangement is for a neuron’s terminal buttons to be near, but not touching, the receptive dendrites of neighboring neurons. • The memb ...
... Neurons: Basic Cells of the Nervous System • Because a neural signal is sent from one neuron to the next through the terminal buttons of the axons, the most common arrangement is for a neuron’s terminal buttons to be near, but not touching, the receptive dendrites of neighboring neurons. • The memb ...
Saccade-Related Spread of Activity Across
... M. Optican. Saccade-related spread of activity across superior colliculus may arise from asymmetry of internal connections. J Neurophysiol 96: 765–774, 2006; doi:10.1152/jn.01372.2005. The superior colliculus (SC) receives a retinotopic projection of the contralateral visual field in which the repre ...
... M. Optican. Saccade-related spread of activity across superior colliculus may arise from asymmetry of internal connections. J Neurophysiol 96: 765–774, 2006; doi:10.1152/jn.01372.2005. The superior colliculus (SC) receives a retinotopic projection of the contralateral visual field in which the repre ...