optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor
... controllers correct variations (errors) if they influence the goal of the task; otherwise, they are ignored. Optimal state estimation is created by combining feedback signals and efferent copy of motor commands. The latter uses a forward internal model to convert motor commands to state variables. A ...
... controllers correct variations (errors) if they influence the goal of the task; otherwise, they are ignored. Optimal state estimation is created by combining feedback signals and efferent copy of motor commands. The latter uses a forward internal model to convert motor commands to state variables. A ...
ACTIN CYTOSKELETON REGULATION IN NEURONAL
... from a number of primitive neurites. For instance, embryonic hippocampal neurons dissociated and cultured in vitro undergo characteristic stages of development. These cultured neurons initially send out several primitive neurites termed minor processes. One of these processes then exhibits rapid gro ...
... from a number of primitive neurites. For instance, embryonic hippocampal neurons dissociated and cultured in vitro undergo characteristic stages of development. These cultured neurons initially send out several primitive neurites termed minor processes. One of these processes then exhibits rapid gro ...
Planarian shows decision-making behavior in response to multiple
... As an animal survives under exposure to many kinds of stimuli, its nervous system detects sensory cues and converts this information into adaptive movement. For behaviors in response to a simple stimulus, sensory neurons sometimes communicate directly with motor neurons; however, when animals are ex ...
... As an animal survives under exposure to many kinds of stimuli, its nervous system detects sensory cues and converts this information into adaptive movement. For behaviors in response to a simple stimulus, sensory neurons sometimes communicate directly with motor neurons; however, when animals are ex ...
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 3
... Figure 3.4 The sodium and potassium gradients for a resting membrane. Sodium ions are concentrated outside the neuron; potassium ions are concentrated inside. Because of the negatively charged protein ions inside the neuron, the inside of the cell is negatively charged relative to the outside of the ...
... Figure 3.4 The sodium and potassium gradients for a resting membrane. Sodium ions are concentrated outside the neuron; potassium ions are concentrated inside. Because of the negatively charged protein ions inside the neuron, the inside of the cell is negatively charged relative to the outside of the ...
Bayesian Spiking Neurons II: Learning
... only the synaptic strength but also the time constant of synaptic integration and the spike generation mechanism are adapted to the spatiotemporal structure of its input. More precisely, Bayesian neurons learn to recognize that a particular subgroup of their synapses tends to switch together from a ...
... only the synaptic strength but also the time constant of synaptic integration and the spike generation mechanism are adapted to the spatiotemporal structure of its input. More precisely, Bayesian neurons learn to recognize that a particular subgroup of their synapses tends to switch together from a ...
Sleep/Neurology-The Orexin System
... quality and strongly associated with fragmented sleep had more brain atrophy at autopsy ...
... quality and strongly associated with fragmented sleep had more brain atrophy at autopsy ...
Nervous System PowerPoint - Westinghouse College Prep
... • Increase surface area (number of cortical neurons) ...
... • Increase surface area (number of cortical neurons) ...
FLRT proteins act as guidance cues for migrating cortical interneurons
... WARNING. Access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (R ...
... WARNING. Access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (R ...
Cortical Parcellations of the Macaque Monkey
... that differ in architecture, connectivity, topographic organization, and/or functional characteristics (Felleman and Van Essen 1991; Kaas 2005). The macaque monkey is the most intensively studied nonhuman primate, yet despite a century’s effort, an accurate, consensus cortical parcellation is lackin ...
... that differ in architecture, connectivity, topographic organization, and/or functional characteristics (Felleman and Van Essen 1991; Kaas 2005). The macaque monkey is the most intensively studied nonhuman primate, yet despite a century’s effort, an accurate, consensus cortical parcellation is lackin ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... depends on the relative timing of the pre- and postsynaptic spikes, but not on their order ( Fig. 2d and e). In the cerebellum-like structure of electric fish, LTP and LTD are reversed relative to other systems (Fig. 2c ), perhaps because the postsynaptic neuron is inhibitory rather than excitatory. ...
... depends on the relative timing of the pre- and postsynaptic spikes, but not on their order ( Fig. 2d and e). In the cerebellum-like structure of electric fish, LTP and LTD are reversed relative to other systems (Fig. 2c ), perhaps because the postsynaptic neuron is inhibitory rather than excitatory. ...
Brief neonatal maternal separation alters extinction of conditioned
... levels of extinction learning across both groups, on Day 1 extinction trials continued until the rat exhibited less than 10% (3 s) freezing on four consecutive trials (i.e., criterion). The following day, rats were given another 15 extinction trials. For all phases of conditioning and extinction, va ...
... levels of extinction learning across both groups, on Day 1 extinction trials continued until the rat exhibited less than 10% (3 s) freezing on four consecutive trials (i.e., criterion). The following day, rats were given another 15 extinction trials. For all phases of conditioning and extinction, va ...
Traveling Theta Waves along the Entire
... (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral (temporal) sites (Figures 3F, 3G, and S4). Theta oscillations were less regular, lower in amplitude, and more intermittent ...
... (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral (temporal) sites (Figures 3F, 3G, and S4). Theta oscillations were less regular, lower in amplitude, and more intermittent ...
Asymmetric Neuroblast Divisions Producing Apoptotic Cells Require
... dynamics. We report here that GRP-1, the sole Caenorhabditis elegans cytohesin, controls the asymmetric divisions of certain neuroblasts that divide to produce a larger neuronal precursor or neuron and a smaller cell fated to die. In the Q neuroblast lineage, loss of GRP-1 led to the production of d ...
... dynamics. We report here that GRP-1, the sole Caenorhabditis elegans cytohesin, controls the asymmetric divisions of certain neuroblasts that divide to produce a larger neuronal precursor or neuron and a smaller cell fated to die. In the Q neuroblast lineage, loss of GRP-1 led to the production of d ...
Structure and Central Connections Of PERIPHERAL OLFACTORY
... and duct cells of Bowman’s glands, the major source of mucus in the olfactory epithelium. The third cell type is the poorly understood microvillar cell located at the surface of the epithelium. Microvillar cells, which look similar to the so-called brush cells found throughout the upper and lower a ...
... and duct cells of Bowman’s glands, the major source of mucus in the olfactory epithelium. The third cell type is the poorly understood microvillar cell located at the surface of the epithelium. Microvillar cells, which look similar to the so-called brush cells found throughout the upper and lower a ...
Human and Rodent Homologies in Action Control - Research
... should be constrained to the stimuli under which training is conducted and, indeed, in an interesting demonstration, Killcross and Coutureau (2003) found evidence of contextual control of S–R learning induced by overtraining one action in one context and undertraining a different action in a differe ...
... should be constrained to the stimuli under which training is conducted and, indeed, in an interesting demonstration, Killcross and Coutureau (2003) found evidence of contextual control of S–R learning induced by overtraining one action in one context and undertraining a different action in a differe ...
Estrogenic influences in pain processing Linköping University Post Print
... transcription factors. The different co-regulators may also act in competition with other hormone receptors. A high degree of functional cellular specificity may result, even if the estrogens are lipid-soluble and therefore reach most cells of the body. The ERs may also activate transcription indepe ...
... transcription factors. The different co-regulators may also act in competition with other hormone receptors. A high degree of functional cellular specificity may result, even if the estrogens are lipid-soluble and therefore reach most cells of the body. The ERs may also activate transcription indepe ...
Noise and Coupling Affect Signal Detection and Bursting in a
... and autonomous SR that of a single neuron. In CR, the ability of noise to produce a synchronous, periodic response in the system is dependent on the noise characteristics and coupling between the neurons. When analyzed in the frequency domain, a sharp peak is produced as the system becomes more peri ...
... and autonomous SR that of a single neuron. In CR, the ability of noise to produce a synchronous, periodic response in the system is dependent on the noise characteristics and coupling between the neurons. When analyzed in the frequency domain, a sharp peak is produced as the system becomes more peri ...
Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms
... Mechanisms • Orexin is a peptide neurotransmitter released in a pathway from the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus highly responsible for the ability to stay awake. – Stimulates acetylcholine-releasing cells in the basal forebrain to stimulate neurons responsible for wakefulness and arousal. – The ...
... Mechanisms • Orexin is a peptide neurotransmitter released in a pathway from the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus highly responsible for the ability to stay awake. – Stimulates acetylcholine-releasing cells in the basal forebrain to stimulate neurons responsible for wakefulness and arousal. – The ...
nervous tissue, 030717
... An action potential either occurs or does not occur—it will be generated if a depolarizing graded potential reaches or exceeds the threshold value of the neuron. ...
... An action potential either occurs or does not occur—it will be generated if a depolarizing graded potential reaches or exceeds the threshold value of the neuron. ...
Involvement of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Hippocampal
... Jackson Black C-57 mice and TNF-KO on JB C-57 background mice were used in the study. The TNF-KO mice (Pasparakis et al., 1996) were generously provided by Professor George Kollias, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece. Absence of the TNFα gene was confirmed by ploymerase chain reaction (PCR) ...
... Jackson Black C-57 mice and TNF-KO on JB C-57 background mice were used in the study. The TNF-KO mice (Pasparakis et al., 1996) were generously provided by Professor George Kollias, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece. Absence of the TNFα gene was confirmed by ploymerase chain reaction (PCR) ...
Separating value from choice: delay discounting activity in the lateral
... The mathematical formulations used to study the neurophysiological signals governing choice behavior fall under one of two major theoretical frameworks: “choice probability” or “subjective value.” These two formulations represent behavioral quantities closely tied to the decision process, but it is ...
... The mathematical formulations used to study the neurophysiological signals governing choice behavior fall under one of two major theoretical frameworks: “choice probability” or “subjective value.” These two formulations represent behavioral quantities closely tied to the decision process, but it is ...
Ethanol Neurotoxicity in the Developing Cerebellum
... growth, and maturation of neurons in early brain development as well as in adult brains [54,55]. BDNF promotes neuronal survival by the increased expression of pro-survival protein, Bcl-2 and via activation of CREB signaling pathway. Binding of BDNF to its receptor, TrkB, activates the MAP kinase, p ...
... growth, and maturation of neurons in early brain development as well as in adult brains [54,55]. BDNF promotes neuronal survival by the increased expression of pro-survival protein, Bcl-2 and via activation of CREB signaling pathway. Binding of BDNF to its receptor, TrkB, activates the MAP kinase, p ...
Stop Using Introspection to Gather Data for the Design of... Modeling and Spatial Assistance
... ease of constructing spatial representations. Rating studies, however, show that these factors can be separated. Their results yielded four sorts of relations: (1) visuospatial relations that are easy to envisage visually and spatially, (2) visual relations that are easy to envisage visually but har ...
... ease of constructing spatial representations. Rating studies, however, show that these factors can be separated. Their results yielded four sorts of relations: (1) visuospatial relations that are easy to envisage visually and spatially, (2) visual relations that are easy to envisage visually but har ...
Prefrontal Phase Locking to Hippocampal Theta Oscillations
... neurons in the same frequency range. Theta oscillations are not constant in frequency but show a pattern of small frequency fluctuations over time, which we refer to as the microstructure of the theta rhythm. Because of such frequency fluctuations, a neuron with rhythmic firing at a fixed frequency ...
... neurons in the same frequency range. Theta oscillations are not constant in frequency but show a pattern of small frequency fluctuations over time, which we refer to as the microstructure of the theta rhythm. Because of such frequency fluctuations, a neuron with rhythmic firing at a fixed frequency ...
- TestbankU
... 2.1-4. _______ are located only within the central nervous system. a. Sensory b. Motor c. Relay interneurons d. Projection neurons e. Schwann cells Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1-4 Page Ref: 28 Topic: Introduction Skill: Factual Answer: c. Relay interneurons Rationale: Relay interneurons are located ...
... 2.1-4. _______ are located only within the central nervous system. a. Sensory b. Motor c. Relay interneurons d. Projection neurons e. Schwann cells Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1-4 Page Ref: 28 Topic: Introduction Skill: Factual Answer: c. Relay interneurons Rationale: Relay interneurons are located ...