The Cat is Out of the Bag: Cortical Simulations with 109 Neurons
... The cerebral cortex is a large sheet of neurons a few millimeters thick and with a surface area of 2500 cm2 in humans, folded tightly to fit within constraints imposed by the skull [30]. Neuronal density in the cortical sheet has been estimated at 92, 000 neurons under 1 mm2 [8]. The cortex is subdi ...
... The cerebral cortex is a large sheet of neurons a few millimeters thick and with a surface area of 2500 cm2 in humans, folded tightly to fit within constraints imposed by the skull [30]. Neuronal density in the cortical sheet has been estimated at 92, 000 neurons under 1 mm2 [8]. The cortex is subdi ...
Code-specific policy gradient rules for spiking neurons
... taken in the past were crucial to receiving a reward later and (b) the spatial credit assignment problem, i.e., the question, which neurons in a population were important for getting the reward and which ones were not. Here, we argue that an additional credit assignment problem arises in implementat ...
... taken in the past were crucial to receiving a reward later and (b) the spatial credit assignment problem, i.e., the question, which neurons in a population were important for getting the reward and which ones were not. Here, we argue that an additional credit assignment problem arises in implementat ...
Identified Serotonergic Neurons LCBI and RCBI in the Cerebral
... follower cells, as well as broadening of action potentials and elevation of CAMP in the sensory neurons (Brunelli et al., 1976; Klein and Kandel, 1978; Bemier et al., 1982). Furthermore, 5-HT is detectable in the abdominal ganglion (the location of the sensory cells) by several methods, and 5-HT imm ...
... follower cells, as well as broadening of action potentials and elevation of CAMP in the sensory neurons (Brunelli et al., 1976; Klein and Kandel, 1978; Bemier et al., 1982). Furthermore, 5-HT is detectable in the abdominal ganglion (the location of the sensory cells) by several methods, and 5-HT imm ...
FINE STRUCTURE OF NERVE FIBERS AND GROWTH CONES OF
... were rare; a few are shown in the figure. Neurofilaments were n o t visible. All three levels of this portion a p p e a r e d similar. Parts of area c (Fig. 4) were seen in four sections. This spread-out region resembled t h a t in a in t h a t in the most distal portion (c') a n d in the filopodia, ...
... were rare; a few are shown in the figure. Neurofilaments were n o t visible. All three levels of this portion a p p e a r e d similar. Parts of area c (Fig. 4) were seen in four sections. This spread-out region resembled t h a t in a in t h a t in the most distal portion (c') a n d in the filopodia, ...
Conversion of Mouse and Human Fibroblasts into Functional Spinal
... Figure 2. iMNs Possess Gene Expression Signatures of Motor Neurons (A) Global transcriptional analysis of FACS-purified Hb9::GFP+ motor neurons. iMNs cluster with control motor neurons, away from MEFs. (B–D) Pairwise gene expression comparisons show that iMNs are highly similar to embryo-derived mot ...
... Figure 2. iMNs Possess Gene Expression Signatures of Motor Neurons (A) Global transcriptional analysis of FACS-purified Hb9::GFP+ motor neurons. iMNs cluster with control motor neurons, away from MEFs. (B–D) Pairwise gene expression comparisons show that iMNs are highly similar to embryo-derived mot ...
Exploration of Variability of Arkypallidal and Prototypical Projections
... To enable the rabies virus to bind to the Cre-expressing target neurons, a helper virus is injected into the mouse brain. The helper virus will bind to Cre positive cells and transfer their genome so that Cre positive cells exclusively express an avian-specific retroviral receptor (TVA) and G. TVA i ...
... To enable the rabies virus to bind to the Cre-expressing target neurons, a helper virus is injected into the mouse brain. The helper virus will bind to Cre positive cells and transfer their genome so that Cre positive cells exclusively express an avian-specific retroviral receptor (TVA) and G. TVA i ...
Cable and Compartmental Models of Dendritic Trees
... whereas inhibition from stellate cells contacts mainly distal parts of the tree. Note the differences in scales for the different neuron types. ...
... whereas inhibition from stellate cells contacts mainly distal parts of the tree. Note the differences in scales for the different neuron types. ...
Habit formation
... arises in medium spiny projection neurons as animals acquire the T-maze task is one in which the activity accentuates the boundaries of the maze runs. The majority of task-responsive neurons exhibit a burst of firing activity as the run is initiated, or as the run is completed, or both, resulting i ...
... arises in medium spiny projection neurons as animals acquire the T-maze task is one in which the activity accentuates the boundaries of the maze runs. The majority of task-responsive neurons exhibit a burst of firing activity as the run is initiated, or as the run is completed, or both, resulting i ...
Event-related potentials elicited by spoken relative clauses
... Why this is so has been the subject of much research, and many factors appear to contribute. Historically, one of the more prominently mentioned factors is that structures like the SO sentence induce a greater working memory load. One argument for this working memory load hypothesis is that the synt ...
... Why this is so has been the subject of much research, and many factors appear to contribute. Historically, one of the more prominently mentioned factors is that structures like the SO sentence induce a greater working memory load. One argument for this working memory load hypothesis is that the synt ...
1 1 1 1 - UPM ASLab
... areas of a network that have a high Φ. These are called complexes. Complexes can shift with time. Consciousness in the brain is thought to exist in a ‘main complex’. ...
... areas of a network that have a high Φ. These are called complexes. Complexes can shift with time. Consciousness in the brain is thought to exist in a ‘main complex’. ...
Mental Processes -- How the Mind Arises from the Brain Roger Ellman
... The universal is the common characteristic of all elements of the group, that is Eness, human-ness, shirt-ness in the above three examples. Not only humans recognize universals; most animals do also, but the ability in non-humans is apparently more limited. Nevertheless, for example, a dog can recog ...
... The universal is the common characteristic of all elements of the group, that is Eness, human-ness, shirt-ness in the above three examples. Not only humans recognize universals; most animals do also, but the ability in non-humans is apparently more limited. Nevertheless, for example, a dog can recog ...
Reelin and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 in the embryonic and mature
... to advance into the CP region. The majority of neurons arriving later are unable to bypass their predecessors, resulting in the formation of a misplaced CP in which the oldest neurons are on the outside (outside-in pattern). The cerebellum in reeler mice is greatly reduced in size and the Purkinje c ...
... to advance into the CP region. The majority of neurons arriving later are unable to bypass their predecessors, resulting in the formation of a misplaced CP in which the oldest neurons are on the outside (outside-in pattern). The cerebellum in reeler mice is greatly reduced in size and the Purkinje c ...
Hippocampus duality: memory and novelty detection are subserved
... patients had to mentally count visual targets (20%) appearing randomly in a set of distractors (80%) with those from a famous face recognition memory task. Figure 1A presents ERPs to OB targets and famous faces recorded along successive contacts of an electrode implanted in the hippocampus in Patien ...
... patients had to mentally count visual targets (20%) appearing randomly in a set of distractors (80%) with those from a famous face recognition memory task. Figure 1A presents ERPs to OB targets and famous faces recorded along successive contacts of an electrode implanted in the hippocampus in Patien ...
Nucleus Accumbens Medium Spiny Neurons Target Non
... to the NAc, a significant number of VTA GABA neurons also project to the NAc (Van Bockstaele and Pickel, 1995; Carr and Sesack, 2000b; Margolis et al., 2006b). Moreover, a subset of NAc medium spiny neurons (MSNs) sends a reciprocal GABAergic projection back to the VTA (Nauta et al., 1978; Heimer et ...
... to the NAc, a significant number of VTA GABA neurons also project to the NAc (Van Bockstaele and Pickel, 1995; Carr and Sesack, 2000b; Margolis et al., 2006b). Moreover, a subset of NAc medium spiny neurons (MSNs) sends a reciprocal GABAergic projection back to the VTA (Nauta et al., 1978; Heimer et ...
Computing auditory perception - Machine Learning Group, TU Berlin
... make use of such a model, e.g. in hearing aids, compression, automated music analysis, or music composition? We can, to some extent. But often it does not work so well due to the fact that the neurological and psychoacoustic knowledge on which it is based is relatively poor. Often artificial neural n ...
... make use of such a model, e.g. in hearing aids, compression, automated music analysis, or music composition? We can, to some extent. But often it does not work so well due to the fact that the neurological and psychoacoustic knowledge on which it is based is relatively poor. Often artificial neural n ...
File
... Cell body-nucleus and mitochondria Axon-sends info away from cell body Dendrites-collect and transport stimuli Myelin sheath-fatty insulation to increase rate on impulse transmission ( white vs gray matter) – Neurilemma-external covering of schwann cells – Nodes of ranvier-uninsulated gap between sc ...
... Cell body-nucleus and mitochondria Axon-sends info away from cell body Dendrites-collect and transport stimuli Myelin sheath-fatty insulation to increase rate on impulse transmission ( white vs gray matter) – Neurilemma-external covering of schwann cells – Nodes of ranvier-uninsulated gap between sc ...
48-nervous text - Everglades High School
... • The membrane potential of a cell can be measured APPLICATION Electrophysiologists use intracellular recording to measure the membrane potential of neurons and other cells. TECHNIQUE A microelectrode is made from a glass capillary tube filled with an electrically conductive salt solution. One end ...
... • The membrane potential of a cell can be measured APPLICATION Electrophysiologists use intracellular recording to measure the membrane potential of neurons and other cells. TECHNIQUE A microelectrode is made from a glass capillary tube filled with an electrically conductive salt solution. One end ...
Dendritic Signal Integration
... dendritic structure (diameter, length, and branching) and membrane properties, as well as the kinetics of the EPSP (faster EPSPs attenuate more). A mathematical theory for analyzing current flow in dendrites and the resultant effects on EPSP attenuation was provided by Wilfrid Rall in the 1950s and ...
... dendritic structure (diameter, length, and branching) and membrane properties, as well as the kinetics of the EPSP (faster EPSPs attenuate more). A mathematical theory for analyzing current flow in dendrites and the resultant effects on EPSP attenuation was provided by Wilfrid Rall in the 1950s and ...
Plasticity in the Nervous System of Adult Hydra. III. Conversion of
... the anti-vasopressin antiserum. The results are most dramatic for the lower peduncle and basal disk. More than 90% of the regenerated feet and lower peduncles contained VLI+ neurons (Table 1). Large numbers of VLI+ neurons appeared both in the foot and in the lower peduncle (Fig. 6~). Further, many ...
... the anti-vasopressin antiserum. The results are most dramatic for the lower peduncle and basal disk. More than 90% of the regenerated feet and lower peduncles contained VLI+ neurons (Table 1). Large numbers of VLI+ neurons appeared both in the foot and in the lower peduncle (Fig. 6~). Further, many ...
The role of temporal parameters in a thalamocortical model of analogy
... A more difficult issue is how filtering can be done, i.e., how can input-driven cortical activity be distinguished from cortex-driven cortical activity? As suggested in [27] and [28], the TRN is a promising location where such a filtering can occur. The basic idea is that the reticular neurons recei ...
... A more difficult issue is how filtering can be done, i.e., how can input-driven cortical activity be distinguished from cortex-driven cortical activity? As suggested in [27] and [28], the TRN is a promising location where such a filtering can occur. The basic idea is that the reticular neurons recei ...
Understanding mirror neurons - LIRA-Lab
... Perhaps it is the case that if the acoustic modality were replaced, for example, by vision then this principle would still hold. In both cases, the brain requires a “resonant” system that matches the observed/heard actions to the observer/listener motor repertoire. It is interesting also to note tha ...
... Perhaps it is the case that if the acoustic modality were replaced, for example, by vision then this principle would still hold. In both cases, the brain requires a “resonant” system that matches the observed/heard actions to the observer/listener motor repertoire. It is interesting also to note tha ...
The Brain`s Response to Drugs Teacher`s Guide
... activates specific receptors, known as cannabinoid receptors. There are many of these receptors in parts of the brain that control memory, thought, concentration, time and depth perception, and coordinated movement. By activating these receptors, THC interferes with the normal functioning of the cer ...
... activates specific receptors, known as cannabinoid receptors. There are many of these receptors in parts of the brain that control memory, thought, concentration, time and depth perception, and coordinated movement. By activating these receptors, THC interferes with the normal functioning of the cer ...
Sample
... E) microglia Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Factual LO: 2.2 APA: 1.2 36) The ________ are important for the process of myelination of nerve axon membranes in brain. A) oligodendrocytes B) microglia C) astrocytes D) neurocytes E) Schwann cells Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Fact ...
... E) microglia Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Factual LO: 2.2 APA: 1.2 36) The ________ are important for the process of myelination of nerve axon membranes in brain. A) oligodendrocytes B) microglia C) astrocytes D) neurocytes E) Schwann cells Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Fact ...
Impairment of a parabolic bursting rhythm by the ectopic expression
... bursting activity by rSK2 overexpression is unlikely to be due to reduced spike duration, and is more likely to be due to rSK2-induced slow AHP that decays with a time constant of , 150 ms [14]. It is widely held that slowly activating, voltagedependent currents play a key role in producing the burs ...
... bursting activity by rSK2 overexpression is unlikely to be due to reduced spike duration, and is more likely to be due to rSK2-induced slow AHP that decays with a time constant of , 150 ms [14]. It is widely held that slowly activating, voltagedependent currents play a key role in producing the burs ...