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On the Argument Structure of Verbs with Bi
On the Argument Structure of Verbs with Bi

... behavior of defeasible causatives. The conclusion will be that the verbs at hand do not differ in event structure under their implicative and non-implicative readings. Oehrle (1976, section 4.2) characterizes the two prevailing senses of English teach as follows: ‘One corresponds to an activity asso ...
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... stevenson and Merlo propose that rexical constraints pray a central role in determining the processingdifficulty of reduced relative clauses.However. in contrast to constraint-basedmodels, they argue that differences among crasses of lexical items are due to differencesin structural complexity assoc ...
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Verbs: Tense - W.W. Norton
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... knowledge of tenses. You know how to describe what someone or something did in the past, is doing in the present, or will do in the future. But you may not know just how to describe an action that doesn’t fall neatly into one time slot. For instance, how do you describe the action of a character in ...
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Morphemes in Competition
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... ensure that every feature bundle corresponds to one and only one form. Thus, worse blocks *badder and *worser, and quicker blocks *quicklier and *quickerly. But glory does not block gloriosity, since nominalizations do not compete in a paradigm; still less is there blocking among unproductive catego ...
Singular, Plural Imperative
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Proto-Indo-European verbs

The verbal system of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) was a complex system, with verbs categorized according to their aspect — stative, imperfective, or perfective. The system utilized multiple grammatical moods and voices, with verbs being conjugated according to person, number and tense. The system of adding affixes to the base form of a verb (its root) allowed modifications so that it could form nouns, verbs, or adjectives. The verbal system is clearly represented in Ancient Greek and Vedic Sanskrit, which closely correspond in nearly all aspects of their verbal systems and are two of the most well-understood of the early daughter languages of Proto-Indo-European. Aside from the addition of affixes, vowels in the word could be modified in a process called ablaut. This is still visible in the Germanic languages (among others)—for example, the vowel in the English verb to sing varies according to the conjugation of the verb: sing, sang, and sung.The system described here is known as the ""Cowgill-Rix"" system and, strictly speaking, applies only to what Don Ringe terms ""Western Indo-European"" (Western IE), i.e. IE excluding Tocharian and especially Anatolian. The system also describes Tocharian fairly well, but encounters significant difficulties when applied to Hittite and the other Anatolian languages. In particular, despite the fact that the Anatolian languages are the earliest-attested IE languages, much of the complexity of the Cowgill-Rix system is absent from them. In addition, contrary to the situation with other languages with relatively simple verbal systems, such as Germanic, there is little or no evidence of the ""missing"" forms having ever existed. Furthermore, many of the forms that do exist have a significantly different meaning from elsewhere. For example, the PIE perfect/stative conjugation shows up simply as a present-tense conjugation known as the ḫi-present, with no clear meaning; on the other hand, the PIE nu-present, which in other languages is a primary verb suffix with no clear meaning, is in Hittite a productive secondary verb suffix that forms causative verbs. (On the other hand, Germanic, among others, has a class of present-tense verbs derived from PIE perfect/stative verbs, and both Germanic and Balto-Slavic have a class of secondary n- verbs with a clear meaning, derived originally from nu- and/or neH- verbs, so it is possible that many of the Anatolian differences are innovations.) It is generally accepted that the Anatolian languages diverged from other IE languages at a point somewhat before the Cowgill-Rix system was fully formed; however, there is no consensus concerning what the inherited system looked like, and which Anatolian differences are innovations vs. archaisms.
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