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Unit 1
Unit 1

... Standard 1.3: Students present information, concepts and ideas to an audience of listeners or readers on a variety of topics. Cultures: Gain Knowledge and Understanding of Other Cultures Standard 2.1: Students demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between the practices and perspectives of ...
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... syntactically realized like temer, like preocupar and like gustar. One of the peculiarities of these verbs is that, despite their semantic relatedness, each type of verbs shows up a different correspondence pattern between thematic roles and grammatical functions. In this paper I develop a unified a ...
Aspects of the syntax of psychological verbs in Spanish A lexical
Aspects of the syntax of psychological verbs in Spanish A lexical

... syntactically realized like temer, like preocupar and like gustar. One of the peculiarities of these verbs is that, despite their semantic relatedness, each type of verbs shows up a different correspondence pattern between thematic roles and grammatical functions. In this paper I develop a unified a ...
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... In languages where most verbs are labile, lability arguably can play the role of a causative marker. Therefore, prototypically patientive monovalent verbs, which typically combine with causative markers, are labile and can be used in transitive or intransitive constructions. For example, in English ...
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... the event structures that verbs are associated with (cf. [W UNDERLICH 1997, 1997a], [PAR SONS 1994], [P USTEJOVSKY 1995], [R APPAPORT H OVAV /L EVIN 1998], [C ARRIER /R AN DALL 1992]). Most studies about event structure have concentrated on a few specific verb classes such as movement verbs and psyc ...
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... It rained. There are three people here. The expletives it and there are meaningless in these contexts. Most linguists assume that they are inserted because, in languages like English, the subject position has to be filled. The proposed movement operation described in the handout is just another way ...
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Proto-Indo-European verbs

The verbal system of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) was a complex system, with verbs categorized according to their aspect — stative, imperfective, or perfective. The system utilized multiple grammatical moods and voices, with verbs being conjugated according to person, number and tense. The system of adding affixes to the base form of a verb (its root) allowed modifications so that it could form nouns, verbs, or adjectives. The verbal system is clearly represented in Ancient Greek and Vedic Sanskrit, which closely correspond in nearly all aspects of their verbal systems and are two of the most well-understood of the early daughter languages of Proto-Indo-European. Aside from the addition of affixes, vowels in the word could be modified in a process called ablaut. This is still visible in the Germanic languages (among others)—for example, the vowel in the English verb to sing varies according to the conjugation of the verb: sing, sang, and sung.The system described here is known as the ""Cowgill-Rix"" system and, strictly speaking, applies only to what Don Ringe terms ""Western Indo-European"" (Western IE), i.e. IE excluding Tocharian and especially Anatolian. The system also describes Tocharian fairly well, but encounters significant difficulties when applied to Hittite and the other Anatolian languages. In particular, despite the fact that the Anatolian languages are the earliest-attested IE languages, much of the complexity of the Cowgill-Rix system is absent from them. In addition, contrary to the situation with other languages with relatively simple verbal systems, such as Germanic, there is little or no evidence of the ""missing"" forms having ever existed. Furthermore, many of the forms that do exist have a significantly different meaning from elsewhere. For example, the PIE perfect/stative conjugation shows up simply as a present-tense conjugation known as the ḫi-present, with no clear meaning; on the other hand, the PIE nu-present, which in other languages is a primary verb suffix with no clear meaning, is in Hittite a productive secondary verb suffix that forms causative verbs. (On the other hand, Germanic, among others, has a class of present-tense verbs derived from PIE perfect/stative verbs, and both Germanic and Balto-Slavic have a class of secondary n- verbs with a clear meaning, derived originally from nu- and/or neH- verbs, so it is possible that many of the Anatolian differences are innovations.) It is generally accepted that the Anatolian languages diverged from other IE languages at a point somewhat before the Cowgill-Rix system was fully formed; however, there is no consensus concerning what the inherited system looked like, and which Anatolian differences are innovations vs. archaisms.
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