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Chapter 4
Chapter 4

... Word categories are not so clear-cut as shown above because some words belong to more than one category. For example, in English, the word book have two word forms-the singular book and the plural books. Together they constitute the category of NUMBER indicated by the inflectional endings -s. Simila ...
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... We all know few types of comparison of adjectives: the comparative degree and the superlative degree. On theoretical grammar we can use one more notion – the positive degree of comparison. In English the superlative degree has few substypes: common and elative superlative. The latter presupposes th ...
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... An adjective is a word that describes a noun (the name of a thing or a place). It was a terrible book. The word terrible is an adjective. It tells us what the book (the noun) was like. Where can I put an adjective? Adjectives can come before or after a noun. The book he read on holiday was terrible. ...
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... from the language and English now use either helping verbs (may, might, would etc.) or past tenses to show that something is unreal. For verbs with infinitives ending in –er or –ir, the endings of the present subjunctive is formed by taking off the –o ending on the `I’ form of the ordinary present t ...
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... Correct end punctuation in the majority of instances Attempted use of commas and apostrophes Attempted use of quotation marks in direct speech (may overuse or under use) Correct capitalization of proper nouns, first word of the sentence and the pronoun “I” in the majority of instances ...
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... 1. In the present tense, singular verbs end in the suffix s; plural verbs do not. 2. Two [or more] singular nouns joined by and make a plural subject. 3. When each or every precedes two [or more] singular nouns joined by and, you have a singular subject. 4. When a compound subject is made up of one ...
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... continuous and in verbal nouns. The suffix –ing in patriciple form reveals uniformity of spreading the action within the temporal zone mocked by the predicate. We saw him working in the garden. Any sentence being a complete unit of thought is obligatory marked by the definite temporal plan concentra ...
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... A pronoun replaces a noun. What are some of the types of pronouns? There are personal, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, possessive, infinitive, etc. Let’s generate an example for the fore mentioned pronouns. ...
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... Subordinating conjunction: as mentioned earlier, this conjunction is what makes a dependent clause dependent; it is a word that not only provides a transition between two ideas, but also serves to reduce the importance of one clause. o List of subordinating conjunctions: after, although, as, because ...
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... is nowhere near to even. There are far more forms that appear to be fourth-conjugation than third. Let’s look at an example of a third-io conjugation verb now: fugio. You can see that it follows the same general pattern as the other conjugations: base plus thematic vowel plus personal endings, rende ...
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Inflection



In grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case. The inflection of verbs is also called conjugation, and the inflection of nouns, adjectives and pronouns is also called declension.An inflection expresses one or more grammatical categories with a prefix, suffix or infix, or another internal modification such as a vowel change. For example, the Latin verb ducam, meaning ""I will lead"", includes the suffix -am, expressing person (first), number (singular), and tense (future). The use of this suffix is an inflection. In contrast, in the English clause ""I will lead"", the word lead is not inflected for any of person, number, or tense; it is simply the bare form of a verb.The inflected form of a word often contains both a free morpheme (a unit of meaning which can stand by itself as a word), and a bound morpheme (a unit of meaning which cannot stand alone as a word). For example, the English word cars is a noun that is inflected for number, specifically to express the plural; the content morpheme car is unbound because it could stand alone as a word, while the suffix -s is bound because it cannot stand alone as a word. These two morphemes together form the inflected word cars.Words that are never subject to inflection are said to be invariant; for example, the English verb must is an invariant item: it never takes a suffix or changes form to signify a different grammatical category. Its categories can be determined only from its context.Requiring the inflections of more than one word in a sentence to be compatible according to the rules of the language is known as concord or agreement. For example, in ""the choir sings"", ""choir"" is a singular noun, so ""sing"" is constrained in the present tense to use the third person singular suffix ""s"".Languages that have some degree of inflection are synthetic languages. These can be highly inflected, such as Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, or weakly inflected, such as English. Languages that are so inflected that a sentence can consist of a single highly inflected word (such as many American Indian languages) are called polysynthetic languages. Languages in which each inflection conveys only a single grammatical category, such as Finnish, are known as agglutinative languages, while languages in which a single inflection can convey multiple grammatical roles (such as both nominative case and plural, as in Latin and German) are called fusional. Languages such as Mandarin Chinese that never use inflections are called analytic or isolating.
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