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Maxillary palp glomeruli and ipsilateral projections in the antennal
Maxillary palp glomeruli and ipsilateral projections in the antennal

... ipsilateral input, with the fibres terminating in the ipsilateral AL only. Thus the antennal lobe of Drosophila has a glomerular organization which is apportioned into antennal, maxillary, saccular and ipsilateral glomeruli. Previous studies reported that sensory projection from the maxillary palp i ...
Molecules and circuits involved in nicotine addiction: The many
Molecules and circuits involved in nicotine addiction: The many

... design that has helped in smoking cessation. 3. Molecular and anatomical basis for effects of nicotine on mood and depression One critical risk factor that greatly decreases the success of smoking cessation is a history of major depression (Glassman et al., 1990). Smokers have twice the rate of depr ...
Learning and memory in zebrafish larvae
Learning and memory in zebrafish larvae

... their effective age of use. The timeline at the bottom of the figure indicates important developmental milestones in zebrafish. Note that several forms of learning have been identified as early as 5 dpf, an age at which such powerful experimental techniques as optogenetics are still effective. Note, ...
Neurobiology of ADHD Gail Tripp , Review
Neurobiology of ADHD Gail Tripp , Review

... candidates discussed here in Fig. 1. At the top level shown in the figure are symptom lists and criteria for diagnosis. These do not identify etiology, pathophysiology, or the neural systems involved. However, they have been the basis of defining study populations for research into ADHD mechanisms. At ...
Receptive Fields and Binaural Interactions for Virtual
Receptive Fields and Binaural Interactions for Virtual

... al. 1983; see Irvine 1992 for review). However, free-field studies alone cannot determine which acoustic cues are responsible for this directional sensitivity because they do not allow independent control over each cue. Such control can be achieved in dichotic studies that deliver stimuli through cl ...
Glia cells, lipid metabolism and Alzheimer`s disease
Glia cells, lipid metabolism and Alzheimer`s disease

... microenvironment by transporting ions and other substances in a bidirectional manner from the blood, which is important in the metabolic support of neurons. Astrocytes detect synaptic activity by binding of neurotransmitters to receptors on the astrocytic membrane. By secreting vasoactive substances ...
Document
Document

... BIN1 antibodies (pAb BSH3, mAb 2F11, and mAb 99D) and markers of AD pathology. Figures A and B show the distribution and density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the entorhinal cortex of a patient with AD [immunostained using antibodies against Aβ (mAb 4G8) and Tau (Tau-2)], in relat ...
Linear visuomotor transformations in midbrain superior colliculus
Linear visuomotor transformations in midbrain superior colliculus

... targets in darkness obey their own nonlinear main sequence, in which the velocity asymptote is considerably lower than for visually triggered saccades [37]. Second, neurons in the abducens and oculomotor nuclei reach firing rates that are as high as those of the brainstem burst neurons. Yet, models ...
FLRT proteins act as guidance cues for migrating cortical interneurons
FLRT proteins act as guidance cues for migrating cortical interneurons

... WARNING. Access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (R ...
Stereoscopic Processing of Absolute and Relative Disparity in
Stereoscopic Processing of Absolute and Relative Disparity in

... signal should be a consequence of the reduction in response from adapted neurons selective for the attribute being tested. The major advantage of this approach is that it targets specific subpopulations of neurons, as response differences can be referred back to adaptation-tagged neurons (Grill-Spec ...
New Concepts of the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Gonadotropin
New Concepts of the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Gonadotropin

... mechanisms that govern the pulsatile LHRH release process, however, remain poorly understood. Electrophysiological correlates of pulse generator activity have been characterized using mediobasal hypothalamic, multi-unit recordings in monkeys [16], sheep [17], goats [18], and rats [19]. Although thes ...
Dipole Localization - Home
Dipole Localization - Home

... The rhythmic activity may be generated by both pacemaker neurons having inner capability of rhythmic oscillations and neurons which can not generate a rhythm separately but can synchronize their activity through excitatory and inhibitory connections in such a manner that constitute a network with pa ...
The Locus Ceruleus Responds to Signaling Molecules Obtained
The Locus Ceruleus Responds to Signaling Molecules Obtained

... point, and plotted as a function of time after intraocular injection. Quantitative ultrastructural autoradiography. Sections through the optic tectum and the LoC were analyzed by ultrastructural autoradiography using protocols described previously (von Bartheld et al., 1996a; Butowt and von Bartheld ...
hippocampo–cerebellar theta band phase synchrony in rabbits
hippocampo–cerebellar theta band phase synchrony in rabbits

... trace paradigm, during which learning is hippocampally mediated (Berry and Thompson, 1978; Berry and Seager, 2001; Griffin et al., 2004; Nokia et al., 2008, 2009; Nokia and Wikgren, 2009; Seager et al., 2002). Moreover, blocking hippocampal theta oscillation with, for example, scopolamine injections ...
PDF
PDF

... that given by the first experiment. Experiment on the pretreatment of sympathetic ganglia in vitro In this experiment the concentration of NGF was, inadvertently, somewhat lower than in the experiments on sensory ganglia and produced a mean score of 2-5 under standard conditions. Analysis of varianc ...
Plastic Effect of Tetanic Stimulation on Auditory Evoked Potentials
Plastic Effect of Tetanic Stimulation on Auditory Evoked Potentials

... ear and central auditory neurons, is generated within the developing brain and contributes to the initial establishment of central auditory neurons and their network connections. As an animal matures, both intrinsic neural activity, and modifications caused by various extrinsic factors, both contri ...
Sensors for impossible stimuli may solve the stereo correspondence
Sensors for impossible stimuli may solve the stereo correspondence

... these results suggest that apparent tuning to phase disparity is not an artifact of a preference for a physically possible, but nonuniform, disparity; rather, the phase-disparity detectors found in V1 are genuinely tuned to impossible stimuli. This raises the conundrum of why the brain has apparentl ...
Serotonin in the inferior colliculus fluctuates with behavioral state
Serotonin in the inferior colliculus fluctuates with behavioral state

... Neuromodulation by serotonin (5-HT) could link behavioral state and environmental events with sensory processing. Within the auditory system, the presence of 5-HT alters the activity of neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC), but the conditions that influence 5-HT neurotransmission in this region o ...
Circadian clocks in crustaceans: identified neuronal and cellular systems
Circadian clocks in crustaceans: identified neuronal and cellular systems

... True endogenous rhythmicity, in general, persists free-running even in absence of entraining environmental cues. It is controlled by internal pacemakers, or clocks, which autonomously control cellular activity levels and thereby regulate physiological and behavioural events in an oscillatory pattern ...
Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

... et al. (487), who suggest that lungfish, which also have a buccal force pump, have a postinspiratory phase. The mechanisms underlying respiratory rhythmogenesis in mammals are only now being resolved (67, 529, 585), and even less is known about respiratory rhythmogenesis in nonmammalian species. Rec ...
Propagation of Epileptiform Events across the Corpus Callosum in a
Propagation of Epileptiform Events across the Corpus Callosum in a

... synaptic potentiation, implying a neuronal plasticity in these circuits that may play an active role in epileptogenesis [8,9]. The role of the callosum in generalizing seizures with origins at a cingulate focus is less clear, however, as ablation of the corpus callosum has been shown to have no effe ...
Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function Wiley
Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function Wiley

... coupled with the diversity of their chemical structures, suggest that not only are drugs affecting different areas of the brain but as they are likely to do this at chemical synapses there must be a number of different chemical synapses and chemicals, i.e. neurotransmitters. ...
Amphetamine-induced release of dopamine from the substantia
Amphetamine-induced release of dopamine from the substantia

... dissected bilaterally by knife cuts made just caudal to the mammillary bodies, just rostral to the pons, lateral to the interpeduncular nucleus, and along a line extending through the medial lemniscus to the lateral edge of the brain stem ventral to the medial geniculate. Included in the sample were ...
Neurophysiology of synesthesia. - Hal-CEA
Neurophysiology of synesthesia. - Hal-CEA

Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the
Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the

... function are neurons, whose defining characteristics are active electric signal propagation by action potentials and integration of synaptic inputs (Kandel et al. 2013). Their sheer number (humans: >80 billion (Azevedo et al. 2009)), cell-type-specific biophysical differences, connectivity and plast ...
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Nervous system network models

Network of human nervous system comprises nodes (for example, neurons) that are connected by links (for example, synapses). The connectivity may be viewed anatomically, functionally, or electrophysiologically. These are presented in several Wikipedia articles that include Connectionism (a.k.a. Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP)), Biological neural network, Artificial neural network (a.k.a. Neural network), Computational neuroscience, as well as in several books by Ascoli, G. A. (2002), Sterratt, D., Graham, B., Gillies, A., & Willshaw, D. (2011), Gerstner, W., & Kistler, W. (2002), and Rumelhart, J. L., McClelland, J. L., and PDP Research Group (1986) among others. The focus of this article is a comprehensive view of modeling a neural network (technically neuronal network based on neuron model). Once an approach based on the perspective and connectivity is chosen, the models are developed at microscopic (ion and neuron), mesoscopic (functional or population), or macroscopic (system) levels. Computational modeling refers to models that are developed using computing tools.
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