The Fraction of Cortical GABAergic Neurons Is Constant from Near
... To count cortical GABAergic neurons during development, we used heterozygotic GAD67-GFP knock-in mice in which the expression of GAD67 is marked by eGFP (Tamamaki et al., 2003). This approach is necessary because immunostaining of GABA ⫹ cells by anti-GABA antibody was not reproducible in dissociate ...
... To count cortical GABAergic neurons during development, we used heterozygotic GAD67-GFP knock-in mice in which the expression of GAD67 is marked by eGFP (Tamamaki et al., 2003). This approach is necessary because immunostaining of GABA ⫹ cells by anti-GABA antibody was not reproducible in dissociate ...
A Theory of Cerebral Cortex - Temporal Dynamics of Learning Center
... discarded) has a weight assigned to it, equal to the ratio of its use count and the number of times its target symbol appeared in admissible strings. This ratio approximates the conditional probability p(λθ|ε5) of the appearance of the link’s source symbol (the symbol of column θ having index λθ), g ...
... discarded) has a weight assigned to it, equal to the ratio of its use count and the number of times its target symbol appeared in admissible strings. This ratio approximates the conditional probability p(λθ|ε5) of the appearance of the link’s source symbol (the symbol of column θ having index λθ), g ...
Evolving Fuzzy Neural Networks - Algorithms, Applications
... 1. Inroduction - The ECOS framework for evolving connectionist systems In [5] the ECOS framework for evolving connectionist systems is presented and illustrated on two classification problems. An ECOS is a modular 'open' system that evolves over time. Initially it is a mesh of nodes (neurons) with v ...
... 1. Inroduction - The ECOS framework for evolving connectionist systems In [5] the ECOS framework for evolving connectionist systems is presented and illustrated on two classification problems. An ECOS is a modular 'open' system that evolves over time. Initially it is a mesh of nodes (neurons) with v ...
Kandel chs. 17, 18 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... IN THE EARLIER PARTS OF THIS book we learned that neurons in different regions of the vertebrate nervous system, and indeed in all nervous systems, are quite similar. What distinguishes one brain region from another and one brain from the next are the number and types of its neurons and how they are ...
... IN THE EARLIER PARTS OF THIS book we learned that neurons in different regions of the vertebrate nervous system, and indeed in all nervous systems, are quite similar. What distinguishes one brain region from another and one brain from the next are the number and types of its neurons and how they are ...
Stimulus Dependence of Local Field Potential Spectra: Experiment
... activity was recorded from opercular V1 (foval and parafoveal representations) using microelectrodes (300,800 kOhms; FHC). Signals were high-pass filtered (1 Hz; digital two-pole Butterworth filter), amplified using an Alpha Omega amplifier system and digitized at 20.83 kHz. The extracellular field ...
... activity was recorded from opercular V1 (foval and parafoveal representations) using microelectrodes (300,800 kOhms; FHC). Signals were high-pass filtered (1 Hz; digital two-pole Butterworth filter), amplified using an Alpha Omega amplifier system and digitized at 20.83 kHz. The extracellular field ...
Speciation by perception
... to the stylized representations shown in the central and bottom rows of Fig. 1. This had the additional benefit of reducing the requirements for computer memory compared to using the realistic pictures of crows shown in the top row. To verify that this simplification would not corrupt our results and ...
... to the stylized representations shown in the central and bottom rows of Fig. 1. This had the additional benefit of reducing the requirements for computer memory compared to using the realistic pictures of crows shown in the top row. To verify that this simplification would not corrupt our results and ...
A COMMON REFERENCE FRAME FOR MOVEMENT PLANS IN
... to facilitate the coordination of various aspects of goaloriented behaviour, such as hand–eye coordination. It also has the computational advantage of maintaining a distributed representation of many different reference frames that can be read by other brain areas, depending ...
... to facilitate the coordination of various aspects of goaloriented behaviour, such as hand–eye coordination. It also has the computational advantage of maintaining a distributed representation of many different reference frames that can be read by other brain areas, depending ...
PDF
... Fig. 3i; Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.001) and did not differ from zero (Fig. 3i; Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P = 0.12). There was no significant inverse correlation between changes in firing in response to unexpected reward and to reward omission (Fig. 3j; r = 0.10, P = 0.47). Thus, ipsilateral lesion ...
... Fig. 3i; Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.001) and did not differ from zero (Fig. 3i; Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P = 0.12). There was no significant inverse correlation between changes in firing in response to unexpected reward and to reward omission (Fig. 3j; r = 0.10, P = 0.47). Thus, ipsilateral lesion ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Coding of Object Location in
... 2003). Single units were sorted online by spike templates (MSD-3.21; Alpha-Omega Engineering). Units were considered to be “single,” that is, to represent individual neurons, only if their spike shapes were homogenous, and did not overlap with other units or noise, and if the units exhibited refract ...
... 2003). Single units were sorted online by spike templates (MSD-3.21; Alpha-Omega Engineering). Units were considered to be “single,” that is, to represent individual neurons, only if their spike shapes were homogenous, and did not overlap with other units or noise, and if the units exhibited refract ...
Peripheral Nervous System - cK-12
... The motor division of the peripheral system carries messages from the central nervous system to internal organs and muscles. The motor division is also divided into two parts (Figure 1.4), the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system carries messages that c ...
... The motor division of the peripheral system carries messages from the central nervous system to internal organs and muscles. The motor division is also divided into two parts (Figure 1.4), the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system carries messages that c ...
The amygdala, a part of the brain known for its role in fear, also
... the amygdala links actions and rewards, suggesting that the amygdala plays a role in goal-directed behavior. Still others are finding out how neural circuits in the highly connected human amygdala work with other brain structures to recognize good things and find ways to get them. Such studies may h ...
... the amygdala links actions and rewards, suggesting that the amygdala plays a role in goal-directed behavior. Still others are finding out how neural circuits in the highly connected human amygdala work with other brain structures to recognize good things and find ways to get them. Such studies may h ...
Histamine neurons in the tuberomamillary nucleus: a whole center
... et al., 2003), or Orexin-A (Huang et al., 2001). On the other hand, the lack of increase in histamine release during TMN perfusion with H3 -R antagonists observed in the dorsal striatum and NAcc, despite the fact that these brain areas receive histaminergic innervation (Panula et al., 1989), indicat ...
... et al., 2003), or Orexin-A (Huang et al., 2001). On the other hand, the lack of increase in histamine release during TMN perfusion with H3 -R antagonists observed in the dorsal striatum and NAcc, despite the fact that these brain areas receive histaminergic innervation (Panula et al., 1989), indicat ...
Interactions between Motivation, Emotion and Attention: From
... possible for them to activate two different set of codes in cortex. This is generally a feature of many neural network model of visual processing, but it excludes the direct use of models such as the standard selforganizing map that only allows a single activated region. Second, the competition can ...
... possible for them to activate two different set of codes in cortex. This is generally a feature of many neural network model of visual processing, but it excludes the direct use of models such as the standard selforganizing map that only allows a single activated region. Second, the competition can ...
Interactions between Motivation, Emotion and Attention: From
... possible for them to activate two different set of codes in cortex. This is generally a feature of many neural network model of visual processing, but it excludes the direct use of models such as the standard selforganizing map that only allows a single activated region. Second, the competition can ...
... possible for them to activate two different set of codes in cortex. This is generally a feature of many neural network model of visual processing, but it excludes the direct use of models such as the standard selforganizing map that only allows a single activated region. Second, the competition can ...
The Central Nervous System
... • Rapid opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels • Na+ entry causes rapid depolarization ...
... • Rapid opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels • Na+ entry causes rapid depolarization ...
9.14 Questions on chapter 1 of Brain Structure and Its
... 1) What cranial nerves carry information from electroreceptors in certain fish? Why is electroreception so useful for these fish? Why is their visual sense not adequate? 2) No placental mammals have electrosensory abilities, but one non-placental mammal does have such an ability. Which one? How are ...
... 1) What cranial nerves carry information from electroreceptors in certain fish? Why is electroreception so useful for these fish? Why is their visual sense not adequate? 2) No placental mammals have electrosensory abilities, but one non-placental mammal does have such an ability. Which one? How are ...
The Features and Functions of Neuronal Assemblies: Possible
... neurons extending in space up to 1–2 mm, and lasting for hundreds of milliseconds: as such they could potentially link bottom-up, micro-scale with top-down, macroscale events. The perspective first compares the features in vitro versus in vivo of this underappreciated “meso-scale” level of brain pro ...
... neurons extending in space up to 1–2 mm, and lasting for hundreds of milliseconds: as such they could potentially link bottom-up, micro-scale with top-down, macroscale events. The perspective first compares the features in vitro versus in vivo of this underappreciated “meso-scale” level of brain pro ...
week08
... arise in neural networks It is probable that in biological systems that much of the organization of such maps is genetically determined, BUT: The brain is estimated to have ~1013 synapses (connections), so it would be impossible to produce this organization by specifying each connection in detai ...
... arise in neural networks It is probable that in biological systems that much of the organization of such maps is genetically determined, BUT: The brain is estimated to have ~1013 synapses (connections), so it would be impossible to produce this organization by specifying each connection in detai ...
Identification of Basolateral Amygdala Projection Cells and
... membrane potential, show little spontaneous firing at rest, and generate trains of long-duration action potentials that exhibit various degrees of frequency adaptation. In contrast, a subtype of BLA interneurons (fast-spiking cells), thought to express parvalbumin and accounting for roughly 50% of B ...
... membrane potential, show little spontaneous firing at rest, and generate trains of long-duration action potentials that exhibit various degrees of frequency adaptation. In contrast, a subtype of BLA interneurons (fast-spiking cells), thought to express parvalbumin and accounting for roughly 50% of B ...
Multiple dynamic representations in the motor cortex
... form of regression (Methods), to decode behaviour based on all neurons (Fig. 3). Each behavioural session was treated separately. The behavioural features measured touch (whisker curvature changes; Fig. 1d) and movements (whisking set-point, whisking amplitude and licking; Methods and Fig. 1d, f). T ...
... form of regression (Methods), to decode behaviour based on all neurons (Fig. 3). Each behavioural session was treated separately. The behavioural features measured touch (whisker curvature changes; Fig. 1d) and movements (whisking set-point, whisking amplitude and licking; Methods and Fig. 1d, f). T ...
Poster Session Abstract Booklet - The New York Academy of Sciences
... Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States Melanin is a natural biopolymer pigment found in human skin, hair, eyes and the brain that shows unique optical properties, such as a broad absorption spectrum from UV to NIR. The functional ...
... Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States Melanin is a natural biopolymer pigment found in human skin, hair, eyes and the brain that shows unique optical properties, such as a broad absorption spectrum from UV to NIR. The functional ...
Reduced thalamic and pontine connectivity in Kleine–Levin
... through the thalamus (16, 17). A number of well-defined nuclei in the upper brain stem project to the hypothalamus via identified neurotransmitters, e.g., the locus coeruleus (noradrenaline), the raphe nuclei (serotonin), and the periaqueductal gray (dopamine). The input to the cortex from the ventr ...
... through the thalamus (16, 17). A number of well-defined nuclei in the upper brain stem project to the hypothalamus via identified neurotransmitters, e.g., the locus coeruleus (noradrenaline), the raphe nuclei (serotonin), and the periaqueductal gray (dopamine). The input to the cortex from the ventr ...
VISCERAL SENSORY NEURONS THAT INNERVATE BOTH
... uterus of rats. Ganglia were harvested, cryoprotected, and cut in 20-mm slices for fluorescent microscopy to identify positively stained cells. Up to 5% neurons were colon-specific or uterus-specific, and 10%–15% of labeled DRG neurons innervate both viscera in the lumbosacral neurons (L1-S3 levels) ...
... uterus of rats. Ganglia were harvested, cryoprotected, and cut in 20-mm slices for fluorescent microscopy to identify positively stained cells. Up to 5% neurons were colon-specific or uterus-specific, and 10%–15% of labeled DRG neurons innervate both viscera in the lumbosacral neurons (L1-S3 levels) ...