The Molecular Logic of Smell
... perceive smell. Afte r we understand how the recep tors work, we can then study how olfacto ry information is transmitted to the brain and processed to permi t the discrimination of smells. Using the technique of gene clonin g, we were able to isolate the genes encoding the odo r recept ors. This fa ...
... perceive smell. Afte r we understand how the recep tors work, we can then study how olfacto ry information is transmitted to the brain and processed to permi t the discrimination of smells. Using the technique of gene clonin g, we were able to isolate the genes encoding the odo r recept ors. This fa ...
A quick tour of the auditory system
... transduce vibration into electrical signal • Outer hair cells receive signals from the brain and transduce it to mechanical vibrations ...
... transduce vibration into electrical signal • Outer hair cells receive signals from the brain and transduce it to mechanical vibrations ...
The Peripheral Nervous System
... The ear also plays an important role in our balance. The ossicles, (hammer, anvil and stirrup), are each responsible for knowing when our heads are tilting, moving from side to side, or up and down. The ossicles are activated by the small hairs that they have. When the fluid within them moves, ...
... The ear also plays an important role in our balance. The ossicles, (hammer, anvil and stirrup), are each responsible for knowing when our heads are tilting, moving from side to side, or up and down. The ossicles are activated by the small hairs that they have. When the fluid within them moves, ...
nervous system organization, 022817
... Physiology” by Gerald J. Tortora and Bryan Derrickson (2009, 2011, and 2014). I don’t claim authorship. Other sources are noted when they are used. The lecture slides are mapped to the three editions of the textbook based on the color-coded key below. 14th edition 13th edition 12th edition Same figu ...
... Physiology” by Gerald J. Tortora and Bryan Derrickson (2009, 2011, and 2014). I don’t claim authorship. Other sources are noted when they are used. The lecture slides are mapped to the three editions of the textbook based on the color-coded key below. 14th edition 13th edition 12th edition Same figu ...
File
... Movement is initiated when commands are received by the primary motor cortex from the motor association areas. The cerebellum is critically important in coordinating movements because it specifies the exact timing of control signals to different muscles. ...
... Movement is initiated when commands are received by the primary motor cortex from the motor association areas. The cerebellum is critically important in coordinating movements because it specifies the exact timing of control signals to different muscles. ...
Neurons with Two Sites of Synaptic Integration Learn Invariant
... coding neural network where a unit’s output is a real number representing the average ring rate. Figure 1: Facing page. The neuron model. (A) Experimental setup. A neuron is patched simultaneously at three positions: at the soma (recordings in solid line), 0.450 mm (recordings in dashed lines), and ...
... coding neural network where a unit’s output is a real number representing the average ring rate. Figure 1: Facing page. The neuron model. (A) Experimental setup. A neuron is patched simultaneously at three positions: at the soma (recordings in solid line), 0.450 mm (recordings in dashed lines), and ...
The Electrotonic Transformation: a Tool for Relating Neuronal Form
... by analyzing this cell from the viewpoint of a “student” synapse located in the apical dendrites (Fig. 4A), contrasting this result with a different cell that had a bifurcated primary apical dendrite (cell 503, Figure 4B). This demonstrates the versatility of the electrotonic transformation, and sho ...
... by analyzing this cell from the viewpoint of a “student” synapse located in the apical dendrites (Fig. 4A), contrasting this result with a different cell that had a bifurcated primary apical dendrite (cell 503, Figure 4B). This demonstrates the versatility of the electrotonic transformation, and sho ...
The Olfactory System
... cell biology. The axons of new ORNs penetrate into the OB. Special glial cells (ensheathing) facilitate this; ordinary adult glia block axonal regeneration; so the ensheathing cells are of interest to molecular neuroscientists interested in axonal regeneration. Further, the new ORN axons make correc ...
... cell biology. The axons of new ORNs penetrate into the OB. Special glial cells (ensheathing) facilitate this; ordinary adult glia block axonal regeneration; so the ensheathing cells are of interest to molecular neuroscientists interested in axonal regeneration. Further, the new ORN axons make correc ...
the electrophysiology of photoreceptors in the nudibranch mollusc
... and appeared to be entirely depolarizing in sign. As shown in Text-fig. 6, the fluctuations were enhanced during low-level illumination and absent during intense illumination. They were suppressed after the termination of illumination for a period of time which varied with the intensity. While this ...
... and appeared to be entirely depolarizing in sign. As shown in Text-fig. 6, the fluctuations were enhanced during low-level illumination and absent during intense illumination. They were suppressed after the termination of illumination for a period of time which varied with the intensity. While this ...
Neural Networks – An Introduction
... –Axons connect to dendrites via synapses. –Electro-chemical signals are propagated from the dendritic input, through the cell body, and down the axon to other neurons ...
... –Axons connect to dendrites via synapses. –Electro-chemical signals are propagated from the dendritic input, through the cell body, and down the axon to other neurons ...
Understanding the brain by controlling neural activity
... organization with functional clusters. The relatively recent development of more sophisticated methods for causal interference, such as nanostimulation and optogenetics, provide a more precise intervention with a greater flexibility. Nanostimulation permits activation of single brain cells in awake ...
... organization with functional clusters. The relatively recent development of more sophisticated methods for causal interference, such as nanostimulation and optogenetics, provide a more precise intervention with a greater flexibility. Nanostimulation permits activation of single brain cells in awake ...
ANPS 019 Black 12-05
... One neurotransmitter (Ach) Myelinated axon innervates effector Innervate skeletal muscle Only active when stimulated ...
... One neurotransmitter (Ach) Myelinated axon innervates effector Innervate skeletal muscle Only active when stimulated ...
Lecture 2: The Spinal Cord
... The ratio of white matter to gray matter increases from caudal to rostral ...
... The ratio of white matter to gray matter increases from caudal to rostral ...
Introduction and Summary - Cyprus Chiropractic Association
... The insular – a tiny area to the back of the orbitofrontal area – is divided into 3 primary areas and ultimately provides us with what we are at any given moment of time. You reading this word is the ultimate function of the insular. The dorso-lateral area (side) is one of the areas of the prefront ...
... The insular – a tiny area to the back of the orbitofrontal area – is divided into 3 primary areas and ultimately provides us with what we are at any given moment of time. You reading this word is the ultimate function of the insular. The dorso-lateral area (side) is one of the areas of the prefront ...
emboj7601343-sup
... The supernatant was removed and the pellet was resuspended in 0.5 ml of lysis buffer (1% SDS, 10 mM EDTA, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.1, 1 mM PMSF, 1 g/ml leupeptin, 1 g/ml aprotinin) and left on ice for 10 minutes. Samples were then sonicated at 4°C seven times. Each sonication was for 20 seconds with a ...
... The supernatant was removed and the pellet was resuspended in 0.5 ml of lysis buffer (1% SDS, 10 mM EDTA, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.1, 1 mM PMSF, 1 g/ml leupeptin, 1 g/ml aprotinin) and left on ice for 10 minutes. Samples were then sonicated at 4°C seven times. Each sonication was for 20 seconds with a ...
Fast neural network simulations with population density methods Duane Q. Nykamp Daniel Tranchina
... distribution in v: fV (v, t) = ρ(v, g, s, t)dg ds. Thus, we can reduce the dimension back to one by computing just fV (v, t). The evolution equation for fV , obtained by integrating (3) with respect to ~x = (g, s), depends on the unknown quantity µG|V (v, t), which is the expected value of Gi given ...
... distribution in v: fV (v, t) = ρ(v, g, s, t)dg ds. Thus, we can reduce the dimension back to one by computing just fV (v, t). The evolution equation for fV , obtained by integrating (3) with respect to ~x = (g, s), depends on the unknown quantity µG|V (v, t), which is the expected value of Gi given ...
Commentary on slides for lecture 15
... that contains very fine muscle fibers, the intrafusal fibers, and the endings of neurons located in the dorsal root ganglia, the Ia afferent fibers. The intrafusal fibers are arranged in parallel with the main or extrafusal muscle fibers but do not contribute to the work done by the muscle. Instead, ...
... that contains very fine muscle fibers, the intrafusal fibers, and the endings of neurons located in the dorsal root ganglia, the Ia afferent fibers. The intrafusal fibers are arranged in parallel with the main or extrafusal muscle fibers but do not contribute to the work done by the muscle. Instead, ...
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strains carrying the stb1-1
... paromomycin resistant clones were screened by zymogram (a). Three complementated strains were obtained from 23 resistant clones for I97 and 4 complementated strains from 15 resistant clones for I73. The gel in (a) show the presence of PhoB in the complementated strain I97C1 (lane 2) and the lack of ...
... paromomycin resistant clones were screened by zymogram (a). Three complementated strains were obtained from 23 resistant clones for I97 and 4 complementated strains from 15 resistant clones for I73. The gel in (a) show the presence of PhoB in the complementated strain I97C1 (lane 2) and the lack of ...
Do distinct populations of dorsal root ganglion neurons account for
... Labeled cells in situ and in culture. In slices of harvested DRG, those cells that were positively stained with DiI could be viewed under epifluorescence with modulation contrast optics as red-orange cells. A clear difference in the pattern of distribution between neurons with renal or nonrenal affe ...
... Labeled cells in situ and in culture. In slices of harvested DRG, those cells that were positively stained with DiI could be viewed under epifluorescence with modulation contrast optics as red-orange cells. A clear difference in the pattern of distribution between neurons with renal or nonrenal affe ...
Continuing Education Independent Study Series
... The somatic system, which is voluntary, conveys impulses to skeletal muscle tissue and produces movement. ...
... The somatic system, which is voluntary, conveys impulses to skeletal muscle tissue and produces movement. ...
The Nervous System
... right parts of the peripheral nervous system. They both have sensory and motor neurons. The PNS is divided into two systems that help to maintain 5 ...
... right parts of the peripheral nervous system. They both have sensory and motor neurons. The PNS is divided into two systems that help to maintain 5 ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.