No Slide Title
... • Unsaturated cyclic compounds like benzene, which are unusually stable, are said to exhibit aromaticity. • Stability of the double bonds of benzene is due to the fact that the double bonds are not static. That is, the electrons of the double bond can freely move around the ring. This phenomena is k ...
... • Unsaturated cyclic compounds like benzene, which are unusually stable, are said to exhibit aromaticity. • Stability of the double bonds of benzene is due to the fact that the double bonds are not static. That is, the electrons of the double bond can freely move around the ring. This phenomena is k ...
COVALENT BOND bond formed by the sharing of electrons
... - water is a polar molecule because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, and therefore electrons are pulled closer to oxygen. ...
... - water is a polar molecule because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, and therefore electrons are pulled closer to oxygen. ...
Basic Chemistry Notes II
... 3. The atomic number is the number of protons B. Neutrons 1. Found in nucleus 2. No charge 3. Can be found by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic weight C. Electrons 1. Found outside of nucleus in “shells” 2. Have a negative charge 3. Valence electrons – outermost electron shell. Most impo ...
... 3. The atomic number is the number of protons B. Neutrons 1. Found in nucleus 2. No charge 3. Can be found by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic weight C. Electrons 1. Found outside of nucleus in “shells” 2. Have a negative charge 3. Valence electrons – outermost electron shell. Most impo ...
Hydrocarbon Worksheet - Building Aliphatic
... Carbon atoms have the unique ability to forms long chains while retaining their ability to bond covalently with other elements. Aside from carbon and hydrogen, organic compounds may also contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. According to its Lewis dot diagram, a carbon ato ...
... Carbon atoms have the unique ability to forms long chains while retaining their ability to bond covalently with other elements. Aside from carbon and hydrogen, organic compounds may also contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. According to its Lewis dot diagram, a carbon ato ...
Electophilic Aromatic Substituion - Towson University
... Inductive effect - withdrawal or donation of electrons through s bonds. Controlled by electronegativity and the polarity of bonds in functional groups, i.e. halogens, C=O, CN, and NO2 withdraw electrons through s bond connected to ring. Alkyl group inductive effect is to donate electrons. ...
... Inductive effect - withdrawal or donation of electrons through s bonds. Controlled by electronegativity and the polarity of bonds in functional groups, i.e. halogens, C=O, CN, and NO2 withdraw electrons through s bond connected to ring. Alkyl group inductive effect is to donate electrons. ...
Just Enough Chemistry for Through Genetics
... • Polar Covalent Bond– e-’s are shared unevenly – One atom holds e-’s closer (electronegativity) – H2O O ...
... • Polar Covalent Bond– e-’s are shared unevenly – One atom holds e-’s closer (electronegativity) – H2O O ...
Chapter16McMurryPPP
... This forms a cationic addition intermediate from benzene and a bromine cation The intermediate is not aromatic and therefore high in energy (see Figure 16.2) ...
... This forms a cationic addition intermediate from benzene and a bromine cation The intermediate is not aromatic and therefore high in energy (see Figure 16.2) ...
F.example
... literally thousands of reactions by a simple equation. Amino acids that are the building block of protein is an example of substances with more than one functional groups. It contains both amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) group. ...
... literally thousands of reactions by a simple equation. Amino acids that are the building block of protein is an example of substances with more than one functional groups. It contains both amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) group. ...
212Final`97
... a) CH3Cl with AlCl3; then KMnO4; then HNO3 / H2SO4 b) CH3Cl with AlCl3; then HNO3 / H2SO4; then KMnO4 c) HNO3 / H2SO4; then KMnO4; then CH3Cl with AlCl3 d) HNO3 / H2SO4; then CH3Cl with AlCl3; then KMnO4 17. (4) Which of the following sequences gives the compound shown at the left in the highest yie ...
... a) CH3Cl with AlCl3; then KMnO4; then HNO3 / H2SO4 b) CH3Cl with AlCl3; then HNO3 / H2SO4; then KMnO4 c) HNO3 / H2SO4; then KMnO4; then CH3Cl with AlCl3 d) HNO3 / H2SO4; then CH3Cl with AlCl3; then KMnO4 17. (4) Which of the following sequences gives the compound shown at the left in the highest yie ...
Chapter 16
... Substituents can cause a compound to be (much) more or (much) less reactive than benzene Substituents affect the orientation of the reaction – the positional relationship is controlled ortho- and para-directing activators, ortho- and paradirecting deactivators, and meta-directing deactivators ...
... Substituents can cause a compound to be (much) more or (much) less reactive than benzene Substituents affect the orientation of the reaction – the positional relationship is controlled ortho- and para-directing activators, ortho- and paradirecting deactivators, and meta-directing deactivators ...
Carbon Compounds Power Point
... Carbon can bond to form a number of different shapes! Straight chain, branched and ring!! ...
... Carbon can bond to form a number of different shapes! Straight chain, branched and ring!! ...
Organic Chemistry
... • Isomers: Compounds with same molecular formula but different structures. ...
... • Isomers: Compounds with same molecular formula but different structures. ...
Organic Macromolecules
... They speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy (the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction) Ex.: Amylase (enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch, or amylose), Lactase (enzyme that breaks ...
... They speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy (the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction) Ex.: Amylase (enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch, or amylose), Lactase (enzyme that breaks ...
2.1 The Nature of Matter - Sonoma Valley High School
... Some elements have isotopes, with different #s of neutrons and different mass. All isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties b/c their electrons are the same. ...
... Some elements have isotopes, with different #s of neutrons and different mass. All isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties b/c their electrons are the same. ...
Electophilic Aromatic Substituion
... Evidence for Benzyne as an Intermediate • Bromobenzene with 14C only at C1 gives substitution product with label scrambled between C1 and C2 • Reaction proceeds through a symmetrical intermediate in which C1 and C2 are equivalent— must be benzyne ...
... Evidence for Benzyne as an Intermediate • Bromobenzene with 14C only at C1 gives substitution product with label scrambled between C1 and C2 • Reaction proceeds through a symmetrical intermediate in which C1 and C2 are equivalent— must be benzyne ...
Molecular Structure:
... Each atom has 8 electroins if possible. If there are too few electroins to give octet rule, convert single bonds to multiple bonds. ...
... Each atom has 8 electroins if possible. If there are too few electroins to give octet rule, convert single bonds to multiple bonds. ...
hydrocarbons summary
... There are common names for many organic compounds. For example: methyl alcohol, acetylene, acetic acid, etc. Yet, there are an infinite number of possible organic structures. Thus, it is important to name them in a systematic way. The purpose of IUPAC names is to provide a set of rules so that the s ...
... There are common names for many organic compounds. For example: methyl alcohol, acetylene, acetic acid, etc. Yet, there are an infinite number of possible organic structures. Thus, it is important to name them in a systematic way. The purpose of IUPAC names is to provide a set of rules so that the s ...
resonance effects - HCC Learning Web
... carbocations are too hard to form) Will not work with rings containing an amino group substituent or a strongly electron-withdrawing group ...
... carbocations are too hard to form) Will not work with rings containing an amino group substituent or a strongly electron-withdrawing group ...
1. What does forensic science provide?
... number of metals vs. nonmetals present in the molecules ...
... number of metals vs. nonmetals present in the molecules ...
15. Benzene and Aromaticity
... Planar: bond angles are 120°, carbon–carbon bond lengths 139 pm Undergoes substitution rather than electrophilic addition Resonance hybrid with structure between two linebond structures Qualities similar for all Aromatic (4n+2) Compounds ...
... Planar: bond angles are 120°, carbon–carbon bond lengths 139 pm Undergoes substitution rather than electrophilic addition Resonance hybrid with structure between two linebond structures Qualities similar for all Aromatic (4n+2) Compounds ...
Summary from Organic Chemistry Packet:
... • Recognize the terms cis-, trans- isomers – Unsaturated molecules – Orientation around the double bond ...
... • Recognize the terms cis-, trans- isomers – Unsaturated molecules – Orientation around the double bond ...
Introduction - INTEC Chemistry Blog
... • C=O, CN, NO2 substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring by resonance • electrons flow from the rings to the substituents ...
... • C=O, CN, NO2 substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring by resonance • electrons flow from the rings to the substituents ...
Aromaticity
In organic chemistry, the term aromaticity is formally used to describe an unusually stable nature of some flat rings of atoms. These structures contain a number of double bonds that interact with each other according to certain rules. As a result of their being so stable, such rings tend to form easily, and once formed, tend to be difficult to break in chemical reactions. Since one of the most commonly encountered aromatic system of compounds in organic chemistry is based on derivatives of the prototypical aromatic compound benzene (common in petroleum), the word “aromatic” is occasionally used to refer informally to benzene derivatives, and this is how it was first defined. Nevertheless, many non-benzene aromatic compounds exist. In living organisms, for example, the most common aromatic rings are the double-ringed bases in RNA and DNA.The earliest use of the term “aromatic” was in an article by August Wilhelm Hofmann in 1855. Hofmann used the term for a class of benzene compounds, many of which do have odors (unlike pure saturated hydrocarbons). Today, there is no general relationship between aromaticity as a chemical property and the olfactory properties of such compounds, although in 1855, before the structure of benzene or organic compounds was understood, chemists like Hofmann were beginning to understand that odiferous molecules from plants, such as terpenes, had chemical properties we recognize today are similar to unsaturated petroleum hydrocarbons like benzene.In terms of the electronic nature of the molecule, aromaticity describes the way a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs of electrons, or empty molecular orbitals exhibit a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone. Aromaticity can be considered a manifestation of cyclic delocalization and of resonance. This is usually considered to be because electrons are free to cycle around circular arrangements of atoms that are alternately single- and double-bonded to one another. These bonds may be seen as a hybrid of a single bond and a double bond, each bond in the ring identical to every other. This commonly seen model of aromatic rings, namely the idea that benzene was formed from a six-membered carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds (cyclohexatriene), was developed by August Kekulé (see History section below). The model for benzene consists of two resonance forms, which corresponds to the double and single bonds superimposing to produce six one-and-a-half bonds. Benzene is a more stable molecule than would be expected without accounting for charge delocalization.